Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning “in the same place”, commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.

Ibid is short for the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place”. If you’re referencing the same source but different page, follow ‘Ibid’ with a comma and the new page number(s).

et alia

Op. cit is contrasted with ibid., an abbreviation of the Latin adverb ibidem, meaning “in the same place; in that very place” which refers the reader to the title of the work in the preceding footnote.

CIT

The abbreviation op. cit., which is used in some referencing styles, is not used in the Chicago Style and should not be used in your assignments.

cit. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase opere citato, meaning “in the work cited.” It is used in an endnote or footnote to refer the reader to a previously cited work, standing in for repetition of the full title of the work.

From The Chicago Manual of Style, section 14.34: You may use the Latin abbreviation “Ibid.” when referring to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. For example: Ibid.

The abbreviation “Op. Cit.” is used with the author’s last name and page number to denote a reference to a work previously cited in your paper. It differs from “Ibid” in that it refers to a work that does not immediately follow the one just cited.

in the same place

You can use “ibid.” for consecutive citations of a source. This means citing the same source twice or more in succession. “Ibid.” is fine by itself for citing the same page twice in a row, but you should provide a page number if you’re citing a different part of the text.

If there is more than one sentence in a single paragraph that requires a footnote you may consolidate these by putting multiple sources in a single note and the end of the paragraph. You should NEVER use one footnote to refer to material in more than a single paragraph of text .

In paragraphs that contain one overall instance of paraphrased information, “cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged” (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 254).

Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. 1, 2, 3). If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons: 1. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism”; Eliot, The Waste Land; Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

The number of footnotes will ultimately depend on the nature of your subject. However, for those of you who like numbers, a twenty-five page research essay could contain anywhere between 20 and 75 footnotes.

As long as they are associated with the sentence they are attached to, you can’t have too many. It really depends on the relevancy of the footnote you’re adding to the essay. A lot of people do add 7–8 footnotes, which might be good if they are extremely relevant.

Using too many references does not leave much room for your personal standpoint to shine through. As a general rule, you should aim to use one to three, to support each key point you make. This of course depends on subject matter and the point you are discussing, but acts as a good general guide.

With 10 or more citations, your work is now in the top 24% of the most cited work worldwide; this increased to the top 1.8% as you reach 100 or more citations. Main take home message: the average citation per manuscript is clearly below 10!

But excessive self-citation can be considered rather crass and unprofessional, and in some cases is unethical. Anyhow, in some cases, self-citation (even excessive self-citation) may be valid and forgivable. For example, if you are in a restricted field of research, self-citation may be unavoidable.

They are quite accurate but not completely or 100 accurate as there are numerous journals and conference not indexed by google scholar. However, most organisation and universities recognise Google Scholar as authentic metric to measure your citations and impact along with Scopus.com and JCR.

Disadvantages of using Google Scholar: It can be a research source, but should not be the only source you use. Google Scholar does not provide the criteria for what makes its results “scholarly”. Google Scholar does not allow users to limit results to either peer reviewed or full text materials or by discipline.

For instance, they may have changed the way they write your name or the title of your paper. Finally, if the other author has modified the way they have written your name or the title of the paper, Google Scholar may not read it the same way as earlier, and so, may have dropped the citation.

Three bad things about Google Scholar It will count anything that remotely looks like an article, including the masterpiece “Title of article” (with 128 citations at the time of writing) by A. Author. Its citation analysis is automated. There are no humans pushing buttons, making decisions and filtering stuff.

Google Scholar’s legal database of US cases is extensive. Users can search and read published opinions of US state appellate and supreme court cases since 1950, US federal district, appellate, tax, and bankruptcy courts since 1923 and US Supreme Court cases since 1791.

Having a public profile ensures that they’ll see all of your publications and citations. Even if there aren’t many citations yet, this also shows that you’re aware of the importance of documenting your research activity and its impact.

Conclusions. In conclusion, for quick clinical searches, Google Scholar returns twice as many relevant articles as PubMed and provides greater access to free full-texts. Improved searching by clinicians has the potential to enhance the transfer of research into practice and improve patient care.

Google Scholar Strengths

• Fast and easy to use. Google Scholar can lead to hundreds of relevant “scholarly” articles in seconds.
• Provides a “cited by” feature.
• Provides formatted citations.
• Provides library links.
• Find open access journals.
• Find science and technology articles.
• Find patents and legal documents.

PubMed is a free resource supporting the search and retrieval of biomedical and life sciences literature with the aim of improving health–both globally and personally. The PubMed database contains more than 32 million citations and abstracts of biomedical literature.

PubMed delivers a publicly available search interface for MEDLINE as well as other NLM resources, making it the premier source for biomedical literature and one of the most widely accessible resources in the world.