Principle of Inferential Justification (PIJ): To be justified in believing P on the basis of E one must be (1) justified in believing E, and (2) justified in believing that E makes probable P.

Internalism in the first instance is a thesis about the basis of either knowledge or justified belief. The key idea is that the person either is or can be aware of this basis. Externalists, by contrast, deny that one always can have this sort of access to the basis for one’s knowledge and justified belief.

The distinction arises in many areas of debate with similar but distinct meanings. Internalism is the thesis that no fact about the world can provide reasons for action independently of desires and beliefs. Externalism is the thesis that reasons are to be identified with objective features of the world.

The basic idea of internalism is that justification is solely determined by factors that are internal to a person. Externalists deny this, asserting that justification depends on additional factors that are external to a person.

Externalist views say that gender is determined by factors outside of a person, whereas internalist views say that gender is determined by factors inside the person.

1 : attention to externals especially : excessive preoccupation with externals.

Externalism in the philosophy of mind contends that the meaning or content of a thought is partly determined by the environment. The view has garnered attention since it denies the traditional assumption, associated with Descartes, that thought content is fixed independently of the external world.

Active externalism, contrary to Putnam and Burge’s content (or passive) externalism, concerns the aspects of the environment that determine the content and the flow of cognition, not by acting as the background which cognition takes place against or is merely embedded in, but instead by driving and restraining the on- …

Content externalism is most commonly associated with two vivid thought experiments, presented in the 1970s; the first by Hilary Putnam (1975), and the second by Tyler Burge (1979).

Your content philosophy helps you determine your entire content marketing approach. It guides you as you decide how to use content for your business. As you begin thinking about your content philosophy, ask yourself these questions: What are our corporate values, including our mission and vision?

Content externalism, that is, entails rejection of the internalist Possession Claim but not of the Location Claim. Externalism applied to such items often goes by the name of vehicle externalism: externalism about the vehicles, rather than the contents, of thoughts.

In philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis (EMT) says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world.

In 1998, Andy Clark and David Chalmers published an essay in Analysis entitled “The Extended Mind” that proposed and defended a radical claim. They argued that minds can and sometimes do extend beyond our skin out into the broader world, in non-biological representational systems and devices.

Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind.

Discrete brain regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 9, 45, 46, and 47) and the parietal cortex (BAs 7 and 40) could be considered most important for human intelligence. A frontoparietal network may be relevant for intelligence, but also for working memory.

Embodied cognition, the idea that the mind is not only connected to the body but that the body influences the mind, is one of the more counter-intuitive ideas in cognitive science. [the mind] arises from the nature of our brains, bodies, and bodily experiences.

[Parity Principle] If, as we confront some task, a part of the world functions as a process which, were it to go on in the head, we would have no hesitation in accepting as part of the cognitive process, then that part of the world is (for that time) part of the cognitive process [6: pg. 77].

Embodied cognition reflects the argument that the motor system influences our cognition, just as the mind influences bodily actions. For example, when participants hold a pencil in their teeth and engaging the muscles of a smile, they comprehend pleasant sentences faster than unpleasant ones.

Autobiographical memories can also be considered as a form of sensorimotor simulation, an embodied model of the original event through which people relive the same visual, kinesthetic, spatial, and affect information of a given past experience.

Embodied experiences contribute to a dynamic grounding of cognition over the lifespan that allows children and adults to learn language and represent concepts based on previous sensorimotor interactions (Thelen, 2008).

We are embodied beings. From the moment we are born our bodies are essential to our learning, growth and relationships with others. Throughout our lives, our bodies and movements communicate much more clearly than our words.

Although ideas applied in the embodied cognition research program can be traced back to the seminal works of Heidegger, Piaget, Vygotsky, Merleau-Ponty, and Dewey, the current thesis can be seen as a direct response and, in some cases, a proposed alternative to the cognitivist/classicist view of the mind, which …

Embodied Experience in Education. When experience is embodied, experience is relative to the individual body that experiences, that is, to the lived body as subject. One of the first things that may be noticed with this theory is that children with small bodies have a different perspective of experience than adults.

For a mental representation to be “embodied” in the sense most commonly invoked by metaphor researchers, it must be instantiated at least in part by a simulation of prior or potential bodily experiences, within modality-specific components of the brain’s input and output systems (e.g., visual cortex, motor cortex; …

Throughout this article, the terms embodied understandings, embodied sensations, embodied perceptions, and embodied responses will be used interchangeably to address the ways in which the body recognizes what is deeply significant in an almost immediate fashion.

The Embodiment of Understanding. To say that understanding is embodied requires a fundamentally different orientation toward mind, thought, and language that contrasts markedly with our received view of understanding as an intellectual, disembodied, mostly conceptual process.

One key consideration is that decision making, like other forms of cognition, actually involves much more than cogitation. Here research on decision making is aligned with the thrust of work linking the body to thought, as articulated across social science domains and collectively known as embodied cognition.