Bulk density is defined as the dry weight of soil per unit volume of soil. Bulk density considers both the solids and the pore space; whereas, particle density considers only the mineral solids.

Bulk density is the weight of soil for a given vol- ume. It is used to mea- sure compaction. In general, the greater the density, the less pore space for water move- ment, root growth and penetration, and seedling germination.

Particle density—is the density of solid soil particles only, i.e., measurement does not include pore space (air space), the average value is 2.65 g cm−3. Bulk density—is the density of a volume of soil as it exists naturally, it includes air space, organic matter, and soil solids.

The formula for bulk density is (mass of dry soil) / (total volume of soil), 1 – (bulk density/particle density) for porosity, and (volume of pores) / (volume of solids) for void ratio.

The Density Calculator uses the formula p=m/V, or density (p) is equal to mass (m) divided by volume (V). The calculator can use any two of the values to calculate the third. Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

Factors Affecting Bulk Density

• Soil texture and structure: Fine textured soils like silt loam and clay loam have lower bulk density than sandy soils.
• Pore space:
• Compaction:
• Organic matter:
• Crop and soil management:

Bulk density can be changed by management practices that affect soil cover, organic matter, soil structure, compaction, and porosity. Excessive tillage destroys soil organic matter and weakens the natural stability of soil aggregates making them susceptible to erosion caused by water and wind.

Increasing feed solids generally increases bulk density. Feed aeration decreases bulk density. Feed suspensions give higher bulk densities than feed solutions. Increasing residual moisture content increases bulk density.

On the whole, porosity is directly dependent on the initial water content, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, air velocity, electromagnetic radiation, food material size, composition, and initial microstructure and viscoelastic properties of the biomaterial, as shown in Fig. 4.1 (Saravacos 1967; Krokida et al.

Interestingly, grain size does not affect porosity. For example, consider a box filled with spherical particles packed as tightly as possible.

Porosity varies depending on particle size and aggregation. It is greater in clayey and organic soils than in sandy soils. A large number of small particles in a volume of soil produces a large number of soil pores. Fewer large particles can occupy the same volume of soil so there are fewer pores and less porosity.

In between the particles are spaces that are filled with gas, air or liquid. Particles’ shapes and sizes affect how they aggregate, including how tightly they can pack together, which affects a rock’s porosity—a property that is the ratio of the volume of a rock’s empty spaces to its total volume.

More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. Permeability is a measure of the ease of flow of a fluid through a porous solid. A rock may be extremely porous, but if the pores are not connected, it will have no permeability.

D) Beaker C has the greatest porosity, beaker B has less porosity, and beaker A has the least porosity. 7. The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.

Porosity = (Volume of Voids / Total Volume) x 100%. The second equation uses the total volume and the volume of the solid.

Porosity is defined as being full of tiny holes that water or air can get through. An example of porosity is the quality of a sponge. The ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of the volume of a material’s pores, as in rock, to its total volume. (uncountable) The state of being porous.

For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. The porosity of a rock depends on many factors, including the rock type and how the grains of a rock are arranged.

While negative porosity is clearly impossible, the scale is set for an apparent porosity. Any zone with a greater bulk density than a limestone with zero porosity (i.e. calcite, density 2.71 gm/cc) will appear to have “negative porosity.”

The total porosity is the total void space and as such includes isolated pores and the space occupied by clay-bound water. It is the porosity measured by core analysis techniques that involve disaggregating the sample.

Rocks that make up good aquifers not only have pores, but pores that are interconnected. These connections allow the groundwater to flow through the rock. Sandstone: Fine-grained rocks such as sandstone make good aquifers.

A unit equal to the percentage of pore space in a unit volume of rock. It is abbreviated to p.u. and lies between 0 and 100.

Porosity is a fraction between 0 and 1, typically ranging from less than 0.005 for solid granite to more than 0.5 for peat and clay.

The theoretical maximum porosity for a cubic packed rock, regardless of the value assigned to grain radius, is 47.6%. Porosity values for other packing arrangements (Figure 4) can be calculated.

The ratio of the volume of water to the volume of the void is known as the degree of saturation. It is denoted by (S). i.e, S = Vw/Vv. (It is generally expressed as a percentage. Its value is equal to zero when the soil is absolutely dry & 100 % when the soil is fully saturated.)

The void ratio of a dense sandy gravel soil is about 0.3, that of a loose sand is about 0.6, while the void ratio of clays (in natural conditions) varies between 0.5 and 1.0 and decreases with depth of the soil layers.

The void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids (open spaces, i.e. air and water) in a soil to volume of solids. The void ratio is thus a ratio which can be greater than 1. Void ratio is the ratio of voids to solids, porosity is the ratio of voids to total volume.

The amount of water is determined by subtracting the dry weight from the initial weight, and the moisture content is then calculated as the amount of water divided by the dry weight or total weight, depending on the reporting method.

Bulk unit weight is a measure of the amount of solid particles plus water per unit volume. Saturated unit weight is equal to the bulk density when the total voids is filled up with water.

soils moisture content can range from 0 to 300 percent. Water contain can’t be greater than 100% cause it’s impossible to get obtain marks greater than the total marks.