All of a sudden, farmers became much more productive. It took farmers less and less time to produce more and more food. The estimated rate of productivity growth is 0.4 percent in [the period] 1910-1939 per year and 2.0 percent in 1940-1996.”

Technological innovation The most important technical innovation for agriculture in the Middle Ages was the widespread adoption around 1000 of the mouldboard plow and its close relative, the heavy plow. These two plows enabled medieval farmers to exploit the fertile but heavy clay soils of northern Europe.

Improved farm equipment has probably had the most significant impact on how farmers raise crops and care for livestock. Tractors, planters, and combines are much larger and efficient. Livestock barns have automated feeders. These technologies and others have enabled farmers to produce more with less labor.

The introduction of technical changes through improved seed, fertilizer, irrigation, mechanization, and plant protection have brought dramatic changes in agricultural production since the 1950s.

The creation of 57 million rural non-farm jobs during the 1990s decreased farm employment by only 5 million from 1990 to 2000. As is evident from the discussion so far, the growth rate of rural labour force has been greater than the growth rate of agricultural employment across the world during the 1990s.

Expansion of area was the main source of growth in the period of fifties and sixties after that the contribution of increased land area under agricultural production has declined over time and increase in productivity became the main source of growth in agricultural production.

1)Green revolution. 2) Subsidies for farmers and providing them with loans. 3)extensive use of fertilizers and chemicals. 4) many schemes were introduced by the government.

Chand et, al (2007) and Chand (2005, 2004) argues, the main factors which led to a slowdown in agriculture at national level after 1996-97 are: (a) decline in the area under cultivation, which seems to be a result of expanding urbanization and industrialisation, (b) deterioration in the terms of trade for agriculture.

Cane is not covered in the HYV Scheme. Wheat, Jowar, Bajara all come under the scheme.

Answer: The declining share of agriculture in the gross domestic product (G.D.P.) is a matter of serious concern in India. (ii) Government is reducing investment in agricultural sectors, especially the irrigation sector. (iii) Subsidy on fertilizers has decreased, leading to a rise in cost of production.

Vertical farming can help utilize the country’s relatively limited land area and significantly increase the country’s agricultural production and to further expand its contribution to GDP and its growth.

Agriculture Sector. Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture. Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the population.

This is thanks to things like insecticides and industrial farming equipment, which increases the yeild per farmer.

The related factors responsible for the crisis include: dependence on rainfall and climate, liberal import of agricultural products, reduction in agricultural subsidies, lack of easy credit to agriculture and dependence on money lenders, decline in government investment in the agricultural sector and conversion of …

1 Answer. (i) There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of cash crops, fruits vegetable, etc. (ii) Area under food crop has reduced due to rapid urbanisation. (iii) More areas are being demanded for housing, setting up industries.

To modernize Indian Agriculture the Indian government has taken concerted efforts like: Agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres. Horticulture development. Research and development in the field meteorology and weather forecast.

Biggest problems faced by farmers in India?

1. Small and fragmented land-holdings:
2. Seeds:
3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:
4. Irrigation:
5. Lack of mechanisation:
6. Soil erosion:
7. Agricultural Marketing:

Answer. ➡️ Efforts made by the Government to modernise agriculture in India : ⚫️ Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) , agricultural universities, veterinary services, animal breeding centres to improve agriculture. ⚫️ Improvement of rural infrastructure for the development of agriculture.

1. Land reforms.
2. Tenancy reforms.
3. Regulation of higher rents.
4. Provision of credit to rural farmers.
5. Subsidies e.g Urea subsidy.
6. Food security act 2013.
7. Public distribution system.
8. Minimum support price and Procurement pricing system.

what steps should be done to improve the present state of agriculture in india ?

• The govt should increase public investment.
• Increase subsidies on agricultural inputs(fertilisers,HYV seeds)
• Reduce import of agricultural product(rice and wheat)
• Establish banks and give loan to farmers at low interest.

1. Green revolution and white revolution(operation flood were aimed at to increase the productivity. 2. Many new Grammen and cooperatives bank were established by banking sector to provide loan facilities to farmer at low rate of interest.

The four Government Measures to Improve Agriculture Marketing

• Guarantee of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for agricultural products.
• Storage of surplus stocks of wheat and rice by Food Corporation of India (FCI)
• Distribution of food staples and sugar through PDS.

Government has adopted various measures for improving agricultural marketing such as regulation of markets, provision of physical infrastructure, co-operative marketing and policy measures like MSP, etc. The current infrastructure facilities are inadequate to meet the growing demand and need to be improved further.

In agricultural marketing transportation cost, inadequate market infrastructure, lack of market information, lack of processing units, storage facility, price fluctuation are the major problems.

The major functions of NABARD include promotion and development, refinancing, financing, planning, monitoring and supervision. Non-credit related: Credit Planning and Monitoring, Coordination with various agencies and institutions.

Bank Regulation NABARD supervises State Cooperative Banks (StCBs), District Cooperative Central Banks (DCCBs), and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and conducts statutory inspections of these banks.

NABARD and RBI Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of the country with sole right to regulate the banking industry and supervise the various institutions/banks that also include NABARD defined under Banking Regulation Act of 1949. Many developmental and regulatory works are done by RBI and NABARD in co-operation.

Dr. G.R. Chintala