Protein synthesis is the process of creating protein molecules. In biological systems, it involves amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, and post-translational events. In amino acid synthesis, there is a set of biochemical processes that produce amino acids from carbon sources like glucose.

It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins.

The 20 amino acids that the body uses to create protein are:

• alanine.
• arginine.
• asparagine.
• aspartic acid.
• cysteine.
• glutamic acid.
• glutamine.
• glycine.

transfer RNA / tRNA Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.

AUG
The ribosome reads the mRNA in three nucleotide codons, beginning with the start codon, AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine. The order of the bases within the codons determines which amino acid will be added to the growing protein by the ribosome.

Glycine
Glycine is the simplest amino acid and most commonly found in animal proteins.

This molecule does not result in the formation of heme. Heme synthesis is a biochemical pathway which requires a number of steps, substrates, and enzymes.

Biochemistry. Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. A sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, biochemistry can be divided in three fields; molecular genetics,…

The next step of the pathway involves condensation of four molecules of porphobilinogen, aligned to form the linear hydroxymethylbilane (HMB), catalyzed by porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG deaminase) also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase.

The growth of biochemistry and molecular biology was phenomenal during the past two decades.  The development of recombinant DNA research by Snelland coworkers during 1980 allowed for further growth and emergence of a new field, the genetic engineering.