Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field’s topsoil by the natural physical forces of water (Figure 1) and wind (Figure 2) or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind – when the soil particles are detached and transported to a different location. This is a natural process that has occurred for eons of time. Water, wind, ice, and gravity are involved in moving soil materials.

Soil erosion decreases soil fertility, which can negatively affect crop yields. It also sends soil-laden water downstream, which can create heavy layers of sediment that prevent streams and rivers from flowing smoothly and can eventually lead to flooding. Once soil erosion occurs, it is more likely to happen again.

Artificial erosion causes a loss of fertile soil.

In many cases, you can fill them up with materials from home improvement stores or landscape suppliers. Sinkholes most commonly occur in karst terrain: regions where limestone, gypsum, salt beds, or other carbonate rock can be dissolved. As the rock wears away underground, the sediment slowly fills in the void.

A small sinkhole with minimal damage to the structure may cost anywhere from $10,000 to $15,000. However, sinkholes that cause extensive damage and need a significant amount of work to repair or revive the structure, may be much pricier, costing anywhere from $20,000 to $100,000, or more.

Treatment of classical gully erosion involves protect- ing the headcut from further erosion, diverting over- land flows away from the gully, changing land use, grading and filling in the gully, stabilizing with trees and vegetation, or by constructing a small earthen dam to impound water in the gullied area.

Desertification

• the erosion gullies are the result of natural phenomena (wind and water);
• in some landscapes gullies, whether natural or induced by overgrazing (and depending on the severity and length of time since forming), may have no effect on what matters in terms of human values (such as meat production);

Gully erosion causes severe damage to agricultural lands; increased migration from villages to cities; less income for villagers; less agricultural products; increased socioeconomic problems; increased surface runoff; lowered groundwater table; damage to construction sites such as bridges, roads, and settlements and to …

> Gully Erosion is most commonly found in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, West Bengal and Rajasthan.

A gully develops in three distinct stages; waterfall erosion; channel erosion along the gully bed; and landslide erosion on gully banks. Correct gully control measures must be determined according to these development stages.