The arrector pili muscle (APM) consists of a small band of smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane. The APM mediates thermoregulation by contracting to increase air-trapping, but was thought to be vestigial in humans.

Definition of ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE. : one of the small fan-shaped smooth muscles associated with the base of each hair that contract when the body surface is chilled and erect the hairs, compress an oil gland above each muscle, and produce the appearance of goose bumps—called also erector pili muscle, pilomotor muscle.

The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end known colloquially as goose bumps. The contraction of the muscle is then involuntary stresses such as cold, fear etc.

[ah-rek´tor] (pl. arrecto´res) (L.) raising, or that which raises; an erector muscle.

smooth muscle fibres

Arrectores pilorum: Tiny muscles that act as the hair erector muscles. The arrectores pilorum play a key role in goose bumps, a temporary local change in the skin The chain of events leading to this skin change starts with a stimulus such as cold or fear.

Which fibers stimulate the arrector pili muscles? Follicles.

There are also sweat glands, and hairs, which have sebaceous glands, and a smooth muscle called the arrector pili muscle, associated with them. Hairs are only found in thin skin, and not in the thick skin present on the fingertips, palms and soles of your feet.

The epidermis is the outer layer of your skin, and it plays an important role in protecting your body from things like infection, UV radiation, and losing important nutrients and water.

These functions include: Storing fat (energy storage) Protection (think buttocks and sitting on a hard chair) Attaching the upper skin layers (dermis and epidermis) to underlying tissues such as your bones and cartilage, and supporting the structures within this layer such as nerves and blood vessels.

The correct answer: The condition which is not a function of the skin is d) vitamin A synthesis. The skin is responsible for protection as it acts as…

n. Any of the various linear openings that occur when a pin is driven into the skin of a cadaver, whose appearance depends on the axis of orientation of the subcutaneous connective tissue fibers and whose direction varies with the region of the body surface.

A woman’s cleavage is the space between her breasts, especially the top part which you see if she is wearing a dress with a low neck.

Lines of cleavage, which are also called tension lines, represent the predominate orientation of parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermal layer of the skin. These lines of cleavage are important in procedures that require surgical cuts or incisions to be made to the skin.

The arrector pili muscles are small smooth muscles of the skin that are connected to the hair follicles. When these muscles contract, the hair becomes erect, causing the appearance of “goose flesh.” They are stimulated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Comes from cells in the dermis that attach to the follicle just below the sebaceous gland. This is the muscle that causes the hair to stand on end when a person is scared or cold.

Arrector Pili Muscle – This is a tiny muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end. In order to generate heat when the body is cold, the arrector pili muscles contract all at once, causing the hair to “stand up straight” on the skin.

Hair Erector Muscle (Arrector Pili Muscle) The arrector pili muscle is a tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin. When it contracts it causes the hair to stand erect, and a “goosebump” forms on the skin.

-location: Largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body. Also distributed in the dermis of the skin. -structure: Apocrine glands are usually larger than eccrine glands and their ducts are secreted into hair follicles instead of pores.

Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas abundant in hair follicles, such as on your scalp, armpits and groin.

Apocrine sweat glands are tubular, coiled secretory glands lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that surround a larger lumen than eccrine sweat glands. Within the basal region, they contain myoepithelial cells with contractile properties that assist in the movement of secretory products upward and outward.

A type of gland that is found in the skin, breast, eyelid, and ear. Apocrine glands in the breast secrete fat droplets into breast milk and those in the ear help form earwax.

Your treatment options include:

1. Botox. Botulinum toxin A (Botox), which works by blocking nerve impulses to the muscles, can be injected into the underarm to block nerve impulses to the sweat glands.
2. Liposuction. One way to cut down on apocrine sweat is to remove the sweat glands themselves.
3. Surgery.
4. Home remedies.

Pathogenesis. Apocrine glands are found in the axillary, inguinal, perineal, and perianal regions and are associated with hair follicles. Apocrine glands are stimulated by pain or sexual arousal to secrete an odorless fluid which subsequently becomes malodorous after interaction with skin flora.

The odor can be caused by poor hygiene or not using the right products. Or there may be an underlying medical condition that needs to be treated. Using an over-the-counter (OTC) antiperspirant or deodorant (or a combination antiperspirant-deodorant) daily, after your shower, can help remedy armpit odor.

5 foods and drinks that affect body odor

• Cruciferous Vegetables. Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and kale are just a few of the more popular cruciferous vegetables.
• Asparagus. Eating asparagus can result in urine that smells like rotten cabbage due to sulfur compounds.
• Garlic, Onions, Cumin and Curry.
• Seafood.
• Alcohol.

Apocrine sweat glands, which are usually associated with hair follicles, continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. Emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract, expelling the fatty secretion to the skin, where local bacteria break it down into odorous fatty acids.

Although there is some controversy on the subject of “racial” variation in body odor, it is determined that African blacks probably produce the greatest amount of apocrine sweat, which is the known substrate for axillary odor.

Mild electrical stimulation is applied to the skin (iontophoresis), and acetylcholine, a naturally-occurring chemical, enters the skin. Acetylcholine stimulates the sweat glands, and sweat responses are measured. A silastic sweat imprint test also uses electrodes, but pilocarpine is given to stimulate the sweat glands.

Holocrine glands include meibomian glands of eyelids and sebaceaous gland released from remains of dead cell whereas, Apocrine glands mainly include sweat gland.

Types of Glands

• Salivary glands – secrete saliva.
• Sweat glands- secrete sweat.
• Mammary glands- secrete milk.
• Endocrine glands – secrete hormones.

Modified apocrine glands include the ciliary glands in the eyelids; the ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax; and the mammary glands, which produce milk.

Holocrine secretion is a specific mode of secretion involving secretion of entire cytoplasmic materials with remnants of dead cells, as observed in multicellular exocrine glands of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Holocrine glands This type of secretion is rare and these glands are found in the breast and constitute some sweat glands. Holocrine glands release whole secretory cells, which later disintegrate to release the secretory products.

Holocrine secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen. Examples of holocrine glands include the sebaceous glands of the skin and the meibomian glands of the eyelid.

Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands, and sweat glands (both eccrine and apocrine ones) are merocrine glands.

The sebaceous glands exhibit a holocrine form of secretion.

Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are secreted. Apocrine secretion – a portion of the cell membrane that contains the excretion buds off.

Sebaceous glands