A bottom-up reading model is a reading model that emphasizes the written or printed text, it says that reading is driven by a process that results in meaning (or, in other words, reading is driven by text) and that reading proceeds from part to whole.

What Is Top-Down Processing? In top-down processing, perceptions begin with the most general and move toward the more specific. These perceptions are heavily influenced by our expectations and prior knowledge. 1 Put simply, your brain applies what it knows to fill in the blanks and anticipate what’s next.

Bottom-up processing takes place as it happens. For example, if you see an image of an individual letter on your screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain, and your brain puts all of this information together.

Bottom-up forecasting is a method of estimating a company’s future performance by starting with low-level company data and working “up” to revenue. This approach starts with detailed customer or product information and then broadens up to revenue.

In computer programming, ?: is a ternary operator that is part of the syntax for basic conditional expressions in several programming languages. It is commonly referred to as the conditional operator, inline if (iif), or ternary if.

Equality operator == The equality operator == returns true if its operands are equal, false otherwise.

[] is an empty list. [foo.bar] is creating a new list ( [] ) with foo.bar as the first item in the list, which can then be referenced by its index: var = [foo.bar] var[0] == foo.bar # returns True.

() is a tuple: An immutable collection of values, usually (but not necessarily) of different types. [] is a list: A mutable collection of values, usually (but not necessarily) of the same type.

floating point real values

The square brackets tell Python that this is a list comprehension, producing a list. If you use curly braces, you’ll get either a set or a dict back, and if you use regular parentheses, you’ll get a generator expression (see above).