quantum mechanics, science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. It attempts to describe and account for the properties of molecules and atoms and their constituents—electrons, protons, neutrons, and other more esoteric particles such as quarks and gluons.

Quantum mechanics is that part of physics which describes the motions of objects at molecular, atomic, and sub-atomic levels, such as photons and electrons.

In simple terms, Schrödinger stated that if you place a cat and something that could kill the cat (a radioactive atom) in a box and sealed it, you would not know if the cat was dead or alive until you opened the box, so that until the box was opened, the cat was (in a sense) both “dead and alive”.

Pavlov’s Cats is a far more interesting a subtle experiment into feline-human behaviour. Pavlov was a Welsh behavioural scientist who conducted experiments into ringing bells and cats eating food. His experiments went something along the lines of: Day 5: Tried to ring bell, but cat had taken batteries out of bell.

A learned behavior is something like your cat running into the kitchen whenever he hears the can opener. That is, if you’ve ever fed him anything out of a can. Reflex actions. Classical animal behavior talks about reflexes and has its own nature versus nurture debate.

Cats and Classical Conditioning Or the sound of a clicker during clicker training becomes associated with a food reward and can be used to communicate what you want the cat to do.

A neutral stimulus doesn’t trigger any particular response at first, but when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, it can effectively stimulate learning. A good example of a neutral stimulus is a sound or a song. When it is initially presented, the neutral stimulus has no effect on behavior.

Discriminative Stimulus (and Generalization) The discriminative stimulus is the cue (stimulus) that is present when the behavior is reinforced. The animal learns to exhibit the behavior in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.

An UCS can trigger a response naturally. This response is a biological reaction. A person or animal usually does not have control over this behavior​2​. Here are some examples of unconditioned stimulus.

A Neutral Stimulus is a stimulus that produces no response other than catching your attention. For example, let’s say you have to bring your child to the pediatrician for a shot. The first time she rang the buzzer to call the assistant, your child had no relevant response. …

The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. 4 For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.

What response is caused by a neutral stimulus? The neutral stimulus causes no response. A reflex is an example of what type of response? A reflex is an unconditioned response.

Conditioned Stimulus. A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Once established in this way, the CS elicits a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

A neutral stimulus causes no response. When a response becomes generalized, then someone will react to things that remind them of the first stimuli that caused a response.

If the CS continues to occur in the absence of the US, the CR eventually decreases in intensity and stops. After a period of respondent extinction, in which the CS is repeatedly resented in the absence of the US, the CS does not elicit the CR. However if the CS is presented at a later time, the CR might occur again.

A basic kind of learning that involves associations among environmental stimuli and an organism’s behavior. In classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

conditioned response. in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. conditioned stimulus. in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

An aversive stimulus is an unpleasant event that is intended to decrease the probability of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence (i.e., punishment).

As defined in the context of operant conditioning, negative reinforcers cannot be punishers.

Put simply, it’s the physics that explains how everything works: the best description we have of the nature of the particles that make up matter and the forces with which they interact. It characterises simple things such as how the position or momentum of a single particle or group of few particles changes over time.

Within a few short years scientists developed a consistent theory of the atom that explained its fundamental structure and its interactions. By 1926 physicists had developed the laws of quantum mechanics, also called wave mechanics, to explain atomic and subatomic phenomena. …

Since the breakthrough of renormalization, QFT has served as the foundation for developing quantum theories about the four fundamental forces of nature: 1) electromagnetism, 2) the weak nuclear force, 3) the strong nuclear force and 4) gravity.

Schrödinger’s cat is a famous hypothetical experiment designed to point out a flaw in the Copenhagen interpretation of superposition as it applies to quantum theory.

The idealist philosopher George Berkeley argued that physical objects do not exist independently of the mind that perceives them. An item truly exists only as long as it is observed; otherwise, it is not only meaningless but simply nonexistent.

“Schrodinger’s Cat” was not a real experiment and therefore did not scientifically prove anything. Schrodinger constructed his imaginary experiment with the cat to demonstrate that simple misinterpretations of quantum theory can lead to absurd results which do not match the real world.

In the world’s most famous thought experiment, physicist Erwin Schrödinger described how a cat in a box could be in an uncertain predicament. The peculiar rules of quantum theory meant that it could be both dead and alive, until the box was opened and the cat’s state measured.

Hot, complex molecules composed of nearly two thousand atoms were brought into a quantum superposition and made to interfere. The quantum superposition principle has been tested on a scale as never before in a new study by scientists at the University of Vienna in collaboration with the University of Basel.

Schrödinger’s cat In 1935, Erwin Schrödinger came up with the idea for a cat that is both alive and dead at the same time. It was meant to suggest the duality of conditions that can co-exist in quantum physics. Schrödinger imagined a cat in a closed box with a deadly poison.

The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed.

About 80 years ago, scientists discovered that it is possible to be in two locations at the same time — at least for an atom or a subatomic particle, such as an electron. For such tiny objects, the world is governed by a madhouse set of physical laws known as quantum mechanics.

There’s the fact that two separated particles can interact instantaneously, a phenomenon called quantum entanglement. This principle of quantum mechanics suggests that particles can exist in two separate locations at once.

The laws of physics say that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Waves are not objects.

When we visualize what is going on with the electrons in these interactions, it is not difficult to imagine them as tiny physical dust-like particles. Electrons have mass, charge, angular momentum, an intrinsic magnetic moment and helicity, but they have no known substructure.

Basic physics suggests that electrons are essentially immortal. A fascinating experiment recently failed to overthrow this fundamental assumption. But the effort has produced a revised minimum lifespan for electrons: 60,000 yottayears, which is — get this — about five-quintillion times the current age of the Universe.

Electrons have a negative charge. The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite. Neutrons have no charge. Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other.

The smallest thing that we can see with a ‘light’ microscope is about 500 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth (that’s 1,000,000,000th) of a meter. So the smallest thing that you can see with a light microscope is about 200 times smaller than the width of a hair. Bacteria are about 1000 nanometers in size.

The data tell us that the radius of the quark is smaller than 43 billion-billionths of a centimetre (0.43 x 10−16 cm).

Based on the curve of the Earth: Standing on a flat surface with your eyes about 5 feet off the ground, the farthest edge that you can see is about 3 miles away.

Does 20/20 mean perfect vision? No. 20/20 vision only indicates the sharpness or clarity of vision at a specific test distance. Other important vision skills, including peripheral awareness or side vision, eye coordination, depth perception, focusing ability and color vision, contribute to your overall vision ability.

A -5 eye and a -7 eye are not much differently at risk, but both are significantly more at risk of retinal problems than a more normal, non-myopic eye. These are rare, though, so no cause for alarm. Just know in advance the signs and symptoms of a retinal tear or detachment if you are very myopic.