The circumplex model of emotion was developed by James Russell. This model suggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containing arousal and valence dimensions.

The Circumplex model has two such dimensions: valence and activity (Russell, 1980). Russell’s Circumplex Model of Affect (Figure 4.1) focuses on subjective experiences, and consequently, emotions within these dimensions might not be placed at exactly the same levels for all the people.

The Circumplex Model focuses on the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility and communication. The major hypothesis of the Circumplex Model is that balanced couple and family systems tend to be more functional compared to unbalanced systems.

A multidimensional-scaling procedure was applied to the judgment data. Two dimensions were revealed; pleasantness – unpleasantness and upper-face – lower-face dominance.

Various experimental and factor analytical studies have confirmed that emotions have a hierarchical composition, with PA and NA forming the Big Two emotional dimensions—and the PA and NA are further composed of sub-scales—in the case of NA, 4 sub scales load on NA- these are Fear, Sadness, Guilt , Hostility.

Thus, the social and cultural functions of emotion refer to the effects that emotions have on the functioning and maintenance of societies and cultures. This refers to the process whereby individuals look for information from others to clarify a situation, and then use that information to act.

A culture promoting a strong desire for romantic relationships can greatly influence feelings of romantic loneliness and of closeness. The results suggest that Western cultures’ strong emphasis on the importance of romantic relationships may unduly amplify individuals’ levels of loneliness.

Jealousy involves fear with worrisome thoughts of a potential loss. Commonly, jealousy is an emotional reaction activated by the actual or anticipated interest in another person by someone we care about.

A small amount of fleeting jealousy from time to time is totally normal and understandable — no matter how chill you are, you’re likely to feel those pangs on occasion. But when jealousy begins driving your behavior and actions as a partner, it’s time to start cutting off those toxic thoughts at the source.

Too much of anything can be unhealthy, but a little jealousy is not bad or unhealthy from time to time. Jealousy is a normal human emotion, and like all our emotions, they’re here to tell us something about ourselves and what we need. Emotions need to be released.

“Mild jealousy can be healthy,” says Dr. Magavi. “It reiterates the fact that an individual cares about his or her partner, values them and does not want to lose them.” We may become jealous of the attention our partners give to others because we want to be the only apple of their eye.

1. It is a good motivator. Among the things jealousy makes you do, one of them is get right off your ass and work towards achieving a certain target yourself. If you’re jealous of a friend’s success, it’s basically resentment that you aren’t there yet, and that is motivation enough to make you go for it.

Jealousy is a dangerous emotion – it can hijack your mind, ruin your relationships, destroy your family, and, in extreme cases, even lead to murder. But here’s something to think about: jealousy over a loved one’s interaction with others can escalate into uncontrollable anxiety and anger, resulting in guilt and shame.

Pathological jealousy, also known as morbid jealousy, Othello syndrome or delusional jealousy, is a psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with the thought that their spouse or sexual partner is being unfaithful without having any real proof, along with socially unacceptable or abnormal behaviour …

Psychotherapy is often an effective treatment for jealousy. A person who experiences jealousy might benefit from working with a therapist to process painful emotions and reframe negative, damaging thoughts that affect their behavior. Use mindfulness to handle sudden feelings of jealousy. Focus on self-care.

7 Warning Signs That Someone Is Secretly Jealous of You

1. They compliment you with an insult.
2. They gloat at your mistakes.
3. They make excuses to be away from you.
4. They gossip about you.
5. They tell you that you’re lucky.
6. They diminish your achievements.
7. They always want to be around you.

Envious people tend to feel hostile, resentful, angry and irritable. Such individuals are also less likely to feel grateful about their positive traits and their circumstances. Envy is also related to depression, anxiety, the development of prejudice, and personal unhappiness.

Othello syndrome (OS) is a type of paranoid delusional jealousy, characterized by the false absolute certainty of the infidelity of a partner.