The Solvay Process is the oldest of the three, and has disadvantages in that the yield of the salt is only 70%, that there is no application for the byproduct calcium chloride which is produced, and that cnergy consumption is high.

Commercially available Raney nickel has an average Ni surface area of 100 m2 per gram of catalyst. A high catalytic activity, coupled with the fact that hydrogen is absorbed within the pores of the catalyst during activation, makes Raney nickel a useful catalyst for many hydrogenation reactions.

HYDROGENATION

Catalyst loading is typically much lower than in laboratory batch hydrogenation, and various promoters are added to the metal, or mixed metals are used, to improve activity, selectivity and catalyst stability. The use of nickel is common despite its low activity, due to its low cost compared to precious metals.

Transition metals are any of various metallic elements such as chromium, iron and nickel that have valence electrons in two shells instead of only one. Transition metals are good metal catalysts because they easily lend and take electrons from other molecules.

1. Which one is the highest end use for ammonia? Explanation: The end uses for ammonia worldwide are as follows direct application as fertilizer- 25%, urea- 21%, nitric acid-12% and acrylonitrile – 3%.

(i) It is a cheap process as raw materials are available at very low prices. (ii) Carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reused. (iii) Process is pollution free, because the only waste is calcium chloride solution. (iv) Sodium carbonate of very high purity is obtained.

Which one is dual process? Explanation: Ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxides reacts in solvay process along with calcium carbonate and sodium chloride while sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride reacts in dual process.

Carbon dioxide gas

Solution(By Examveda Team) Iso-octane (C₈H₁₈) has octane number of 100.

Flocculant is a choice because it disassociates in water to form high amount of charged compounds. Explanation: The purpose of this test is to select types of coagulant (alum) and also to estimate the optimal dose needed in removing the charged particles that occurred in raw water. 9.

To accomplish this, the water is treated with aluminum sulfate, commonly called alum, which serves as a flocculant. Raw water often holds tiny suspended particles that are very difficult for a filter to catch. Alum causes them to clump together so that they can settle out of the water or be easily trapped by a filter.

The aluminum coagulants include aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride and sodium aluminate. The iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric chloride sulfate. Other chemicals used as coagulants include hydrated lime and magnesium carbonate.

Iron and aluminium salts are the most widely used coagulants but salts of other metals such as titanium and zirconium have been found to be highly effective as well.