[Ar] 4s¹

19 protons

Drawing Bohr-Rutherford diagrams is super easy using the following steps:

1. Find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for the atom. The number of protons is the atomic number.
2. Set up the diagram. To set up the diagram, you will need a circle in the middle.
3. Add in orbitals and electrons.

List of elements with electrons per shell

The name derives from the English “potash” or “pot ashes” because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali.

Industrial applications for potassium include soaps, detergents, gold mining, dyes, glass production, gunpowder, and batteries. Potassium also plays a vital role in our bodies. It is used in muscle contraction, fluid and pH balance, bone health, and helps to prevent kidney stones.

The element of potassium has the symbol K. The nucleus of an atom of potassium contains 19 protons and 20 neutrons.

Potassium is a chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.

Potassium atoms have 19 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8. 8.1. The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral potassium is [Ar].

Potassium forms many important compounds. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most common potassium compound. It is used in fertilizers, as a salt substitute and to produce other chemicals. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used to make soaps, detergents and drain cleaners.

Explanation: Potassium metal (K), chlorine gas (Cl), and potassium chloride (KCl) are all homogeneous compounds. Potassium and chlorine is a mixture because the parts are all heterogeneous or separate.

The important ions in the nervous system are sodium and potassium (both have 1 positive charge, +), calcium (has 2 positive charges, ++) and chloride (has a negative charge, -).

Explanation: A potassium atom, K is in its normal elemental state with 1 valence electron in it’s most outer shell. However the potassium ion has lost it’s valence electron and has therefore formed a positive action, K+ . It instead has 19 protons and 18 electrons, yielding a net positive charge.

Potassium ions have a charge of 1+, while sulfate ions have a charge of 2−.

Potassium reacts violently with water to produce half a mole of hydrogen per mole of potassium and water and generates approximately 47 kilocalories per mole of heat. Potassium can be stored in nitrogen gas with no reaction. It reacts with hydrogen at approximately 350 °C (660 °F) to form the hydride.

(ii) Explain why the radius of the S2- ion is larger than the radius of the S atom. The nuclear charge is the same for both species, but the eight valence electrons in the sulfide ion experience a greater amount of electron-electron repulsion than do the six valence electrons in the neutral sulfur atom.

O+1 ion contains 7 electrons and 8 protons ,O contains 8 electrons and 8 protons ,O-1 ion contains 9 electrons and 8 protons and O-2 ion contains 10 electrons and 8 protons. So O-2 is biggest in size.

Disulfur

Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals….List of elements with electrons per shell.

eight

Potassium metal reacts vigorously with all the halogens to form potassium halides. So, it reacts with fluorine, F2, chlorine, Cl2, bromine, I2, and iodine, I2, to form respectively potassium(I) bromide, KF, potassium(I) chloride, KCl, potassium(I) bromide, KBr, and potassium(I) iodide, KI.

Valence electrons are the outer electrons that are involved in bonding. Only electrons in the s and p orbitals are valance electrons, so a given atom can have between 0 and 7 valance electrons. Atoms with 0 valence electrons are called noble gases and don t like form bonds.

Elemental potassium has an [Ar] 4s1 electron configuration. One would say it has one valence electron. If we take that one valence electron away, it makes sense to say that it now has zero valence electrons because “1 – 1 = 0”.

six valence electrons

So a large amount of energy is required to liberate an electron from an inner most shell rather than an electron from the outermost shell. This is why we say that the electron in the outermost shell has a higher (potential) energy than the inner most shells.

L shell has higher energy because according to Bohr’s theory the shell which is closer to nucleus has lower energy and the shell which is away from the nucleus has higher energy. K is closer to nucleus. So it has lower energy than L-shell.

At the lowest energy level, the one closest to the atomic center, there is a single 1s orbital that can hold 2 electrons. At the next energy level, there are four orbitals; a 2s, 2p1, 2p2, and a 2p3. Each of these orbitals can hold 2 electrons, so a total of 8 electrons can be found at this level of energy.

valence electrons

In a more realistic model, electrons move in atomic orbitals, or subshells. There are four different orbital shapes: s, p, d, and f. Within each shell, the s subshell is at a lower energy than the p.

Electrons with the highest energy levels exist in the outermost shell of an atom and are relatively loosely bound to the atom. This outermost shell is known as the valance shell and electrons in this shell are called valance electrons.

: the second innermost shell of electrons surrounding an atomic nucleus — compare k-shell , m-shell.

: the innermost shell of electrons surrounding an atomic nucleus and constituting the lowest available energy level for the electrons — compare l-shell , m-shell.

When an electron jumps from L to K shell i.e. from lower to higher shell energy is released because L is outer shell than K so when electron jumps from higher shell to lower shell energy is released. Thus option B is the correct answer.

☆ when an electron revolves in a stationary orbit then its energy remain constant .

The electron has minimum energy in the first orbit and its energy increases as n increases i.e. it becomes less negative. The electron can have a maximum energy value of zero when n=∞.

When the electron changes levels, it decreases energy and the atom emits photons. The photon is emitted with the electron moving from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. The energy of the photon is the exact energy that is lost by the electron moving to its lower energy level.

When an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, energy is absorbed by the atom. When an electron moves from a higher to a lower energy level, energy is released (often as light).

Explanation: The energy of an electron is zero when the electron has completely left the atom, i.e., when its principal quantum number n = ∞. Thus, all energy states of an electron, including the ground state, have negative energies.

An electron in an excited state can release energy and ‘fall’ to a lower state. When it does, the electron releases a photon of electromagnetic energy. When the electron returns to the ground state, it can no longer release energy but can absorb quanta of energy and move up to excitation states (higher orbitals).

Excited electrons return to ground state to regain its stability in terms of energy and momentum. When electron is exited from its stable situation, by absorbing energy given from outside, first its momentum do increase ( according to nh /2π ) . But electron no longer hold this excess momentum & energy.

the principle that in any system described by quantum mechanics no two identical particles having spin equal to half an odd integer can be in the same quantum state: first postulated for the electrons in atoms.

The Pauli exclusion states that no two electrons can have an identical set of quantum numbers. The Pauli principle applies to identical particles with half-integral spin i.e., S = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2 In other words, each electron should have its own singlet state or unique state.

Why Is the Pauli Exclusion Principle Important? The Pauli exclusion principle informs electron configuration and the way atoms are classified in the periodic table of elements. Ground state, or lowest energy levels in an atom can fill up, forcing any additional electrons to higher energy levels.