Aquinas’s argument from contingency allows for the possibility of a Universe that has no beginning in time. It is a form of argument from universal causation. Aquinas observed that, in nature, there were things with contingent existences.

The “Argument from Contingency” examines how every being must be either necessary or contingent. Since not every being can be contingent, it follow that there must be a necessary being upon which all things depend. This being is God.

The first cause argument is based around cause and effect. The idea is that everything that exists has something that caused it, there is nothing in our world that came from nothing. Aquinas argued that this first cause must have no beginning – that is, nothing caused it to exist because the first cause is eternal.

St Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) developed the most popular argument as a ‘way’ (not proof) of showing that there must be a God. Aquinas argued that everything in the cosmos has a cause. If you track things back through a series of causes, there must have been a ‘first cause’.

Aquinas’s fourth argument is that from degrees of perfection. All things exhibit greater or lesser degrees of perfection. There must therefore exist a supreme perfection that all imperfect beings approach yet fall short of. In Aquinas’s system, God is that paramount perfection.

A Divine Consistency Proof for Mathematics — A submitted work by Harvey Friedman showing that if God exists (in the sense of Gödel), then Mathematics, as formalized by the usual ZFC axioms, is consistent.

Scientists don’t try to prove or disprove God’s existence because they know there isn’t an experiment that can ever detect God. And if you believe in God, it doesn’t matter what scientists discover about the Universe – any cosmos can be thought of as being consistent with God.

Christianity affirms the creation by God since its early time in the Apostles’ Creed (“I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth.”, 1st century AD), that is symmetrical to the Nicene Creed (4th century AD).

The word Hindu is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, many practitioners refer to their religion as Sanātana Dharma (Sanskrit: सनातनधर्म:, lit.

Vishnu

Kali (demon)

They also believe that Shiva and Brahma both are forms of Vishnu. For example, the Dvaita school holds Vishnu alone to be the supreme God, with Shiva subordinate, and interprets the Puranas differently.

When the noose touched the linga, Shiva emerged from it in all his wrath and struck Yama with his Trishula and kicked his chest, killing the Lord of Death. Sages, gods and other beings appeared to praise Shiva, who blessed Markandeya to remain a youth of 16 for seven kalpas (aeons).

Sharabha

The Matsya Purana mentions the ferocious eleven Rudras – named:

• Kapali.
• Pingala.
• Bhima.
• Virupaksa.
• Vilohita.
• Ajesha.
• Shasana.
• Shasta.

Rudra wears a tiger skin and holds a trishula and a deer in his hands, also known as Shiva. Rudra (/ˈrʊdrə/; Sanskrit: रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with wind or storm, Vayu and the hunt. One translation of the name is ‘the roarer’. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the ‘mightiest of the mighty’.

Rudra, (Sanskrit: “Howler”), relatively minor Vedic god and one of the names of Śiva, a major god of later Hinduism. In the Vedas, Rudra is known as the divine archer, who shoots arrows of death and disease and who has to be implored not to slay or injure in his wrath.