By law, the 43 states with more than one Representative must redistrict after each decennial census to account for population shifts within the state as well as (when necessary) to add or remove congressional districts.

Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) of the Democratic-Republican Party, which later coalesced into the modern Democratic Party.

Apportionment in the United States involves dividing the 435 voting seats every ten years. As per Article One of the United States Constitution, elections to the House of Representatives are held every two years, and districts are apportioned amongst the states according to their respective numbers.

Congressional districts in the United States are electoral divisions for the purpose of electing members of the United States House of Representatives. In addition, each of the five inhabited U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D.C. sends a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives.

Because the House wanted a manageable number of members, Congress twice set the size of the House at 435 voting members. The first law to do so was passed on August 8, 1911. Finally, in 1929 the Permanent Apportionment Act became law. It permanently set the maximum number of representatives at 435.

For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts. There are 94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.

Area of India : 3,287,240 Sq km.*

Largest State	Rajasthan	342,239 Sq km
Largest Union Territory	Andaman & Nicobar Islands	8,249 Sq km
Smallest Union Territory	Lakshadweep	32 Sq km
Largest District	Kachchh (Gujarat)	45,652 Sq km
Smallest District	Mahe ( Pondicherry )	9 Sq km

Congressional districts are the 435 areas from which members are elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

district collector

The district courts are the general trial courts of the federal court system. Each district court has at least one United States District Judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a life term. District courts handle trials within the federal court system – both civil and criminal.

County governments serve a larger geographical area than cities and towns, but a smaller area than states. They are created by the state government and typically operate under provisions set out in the state constitution. As such, they are essentially administrative units of the state.

As a general rule counties cannot adopt ordinances. Municipalities have more authority, powers than counties, and can adopt police power ordinances. Cities and villages have the broadest delegation of authority, townships are in the middle, and counties have the least.

Kalawao County, Hawaii

The California Constitution authorizes a county to make and enforce local ordinances that do not conflict with general laws. A county also has the power to sue and be sued, purchase and hold land, manage or dispose of its properties, and levy and collect taxes authorized by law.

As an agent of the state, the county government serves the entire county in these ways: (1) through elected officials, it administers and enforces state laws, collects taxes, assesses property, records public documents, conducts elections, issues licenses; (2) through appointed boards and officials, it provides parks.

County governments perform essential administrative functions such as registering voters, supervising elections, keeping records, providing police protection, and administrating health and welfare services.

County executive

In the mayor-council form of government, the mayor is the chief administrative officer who is responsible for all administrative functions. When separately elected, the county executive serves as chief administrative officer in those counties that have a council (such as King, Pierce, Snohomish, and Whatcom counties).

Louisiana has parishes instead of counties, and Alaska has boroughs. The states of Rhode Island and Connecticut do not have county governments at all—counties are geographic, not political.

County governments serve a larger geographical area than cities and towns, but a smaller area than states. County systems usually take one of three basic forms: the commission system, the council-administrator system, and the council-elected executive system.

There are four main types of local government- counties, municipalities (cities and town), special districts, and school districts. Counties are the largest units of local government, numbering about 8,000 nationwide. They provide many of the same services provided by cities.

Municipalities generally take responsibility for parks and recreation services, police and fire departments, housing services, emergency medical services, municipal courts, transportation services (including public transportation), and public works (streets, sewers, snow removal, signage, and so forth).

Characteristics of a “strong” mayor: The mayor is the chief executive officer, centralizing executive power. The mayor directs the administrative structure, appointing and removing of department heads. While the council has legislative power, the mayor has veto power. The council does not oversee daily operations.

Mayor, in modern usage, the head of a municipal government. As such, the mayor is almost invariably the chairman of the municipal council and of the council executive committee. In addition the mayor may fulfill the roles of chief executive officer, ceremonial figurehead, and local agent of the central government.

A mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation. He is elected by the members of the Municipal Corporation . He is known as the first citizen of the city.

MLA is the head of one constituency almost head of one taluk, has more power than mayor. But everything depend on the ruling party and the party in power in municipality. If both same MLA is greater than commissioner, if not vice versa.

In most small towns, the mayor’s job is not a full-time staff position. A small town mayor’s role is typically to lead city council meetings and oversee the business of the city, which does not require a full-time commitment.