Norovirus virion is nonenveloped and approximately 27 nm in diameter. Each virion is composed of 90 dimers of VP1 arranged on a T=3 icosahedral symmetry with a cup-shaped morphology under electron microscopy (Chen et al., 2004, Dolin et al., 1982, Prasad et al., 1999).

Symptoms and signs include vomiting, watery diarrhea, or both. Fever occurs in one-third to one-half of infected people. Cramping abdominal or stomach pain and a general feeling of tiredness, headache, and muscle aches are common. Infected people are usually thirsty, although they may have trouble keeping fluids down.

5.3. Noroviruses are nonenveloped icosahedral viruses between 27–30 nm in diameter. Norovirus ORF2 encodes the major structural protein called VP1 or capsid. Virions contain 180 copies, or 90 dimers, of VP1 that assemble into icosahedral particles exhibiting T = 3 symmetry [163–167].

2.1. Noroviruses cause an infection of the digestive tract which presents with acute onset of diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting. Vomiting is more common among children while a greater proportion of adults experience diarrhoea.

Soap and water can wash it away, but it takes really hot water to kill it. Hand-washed dishes are especially likely to carry the virus, and it can spread even in ordinary laundry, so if someone is sick, it’s important to use very hot water and bleach to destroy virus that could be on any clothing, sheets or towels.

There’s no treatment for norovirus, so you have to let it run its course. You don’t usually need to get medical advice unless there’s a risk of a more serious problem. To help ease your own or your child’s symptoms drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

After a norovirus infection, people have temporary immunity from further infection, although this usually only lasts for about 2–3 years .

Norovirus illness is usually brief in people who are otherwise healthy. Young children, the elderly, and people with other medical illnesses are most at risk for more severe or prolonged infection.

The best way to protect against norovirus is to wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds. Make sure that you rinse off all fresh fruits and vegetables before you eat them. If you’re at all concerned about norovirus infection, make sure you’re also cooking these foods thoroughly.

Use bleach and water Use bleached water. The CDC recommends a solution that contains anywhere from 5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach per gallon of water or other disinfectant approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. Stainless steel and similar surfaces need less, while more porous surfaces need more.

The person’s vomit is then likely to be infectious (i.e. able to infect anyone who comes in contact with the person’s vomit). It is for this reason that the person’s vomit should be cleaned up, and the surrounding areas decontaminated.

It’s only a very small minority of bacteria—yes, even from your poop—that can make you physically ill. Lots of the organisms hanging out in your crap were just swept out from the inside of your intestines, where they’ve set up colonies that help you digest your food and regulate all kinds of bodily functions.

Diarrhea, stomach pain and vomiting typically begin 12 to 48 hours after exposure. Norovirus symptoms usually last one to three days, and most people recover completely without treatment.

Some of the contagious causes of gastroenteritis (most notably, Norovirus) can be spread by kissing and other close personal contact or on surfaces where droplets containing viruses or other agents survive.

Anyone can get infected with norovirus, and you can get it more than once. It is estimated that a person will get norovirus about five times during their lifetime. Norovirus outbreaks occur throughout the year, however, more than 80 percent of reported outbreaks occur from November to April.

A person usually develops symptoms 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to norovirus. Most people with norovirus illness get better within 1 to 3 days. If you have norovirus illness, you can feel extremely ill, and vomit or have diarrhea many times a day.