The tailing factor is a measure of peak tailing. It is defined as the distance from the front slope of the peak to the back slope divided by twice the distance from the center line of the peak to the front slope, with all measurements made at 5% of the maximum peak height.

For example, fronting peaks are often caused by column overload or overpacking. Similarly, tailing peaks can be caused by underpacking, or by having a sample that is too viscous. Undetected peaks can also be a problem, which could be caused by excessive band broadening.

The most common cause of peak tailing for nonactive compounds is column contamination. These contaminants are relatively nonvolatile, and they accumulate in the column over time. These types of contaminants usually originate in the sample and are species such as polymeric materials, salts, and proteins.

There are a few methods that can be used to avoid peak tailing:

1. Operate at a lower pH.
2. Use a highly deactivated column.
3. Consider the possibility of mass overload.
4. Consider the possibility of column bed deformation.
5. Work at high pH when analyzing basic compounds.
6. Use a sample clean-up procedure.

Retention time was stable. An amine modifier, triethylamine (TEA), is often added to the mobile phase to reduce peak tailing. The absence of silanol- analyte interactions on SUPELCOSIL LC-ABZ columns eliminates the need for TEA.

TFA is widely used as a mobile phase additive in the HPLC separation of biological molecules, such as proteins and peptides, because it acts as an ion-pairing reagent and equilibrates quickly so that it can be used with gradient elution.

Triethylamine is used to mask free silanol groups on the HPLC column and therefore it improves peak shape of the analytes. Moreover it can be used to increase/adjust the pH of the mobile phase and serve both the purpose of pH adjustment and peak shape improvement.

Buffering is commonly needed when analyzing ionizable analytes with reversed phase LC. For compounds like these, the pH of the mobile phase determines whether they exist in the ionized or non-ionized form. Buffers are also sometimes necessary for applications because impurities or interfering compounds are ionizable.

The most popular buffers for HPLC with UV detection are phosphate and acetate. Phosphate and acetate are particularly useful buffers because they can be used at wavelengths below 220 nm.

Methanol is a polar-protic solvent, whereas acetonitrile is a polar-aprotic solvent and possesses a stronger dipole moment. This means that the organic modifier used in the mobile phase can have a powerful effect on chromatographic selectivity.

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable. This is important for processes and/or reactions which require specific and stable pH ranges.

It is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution, regardless of solute. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. For example, blood in the human body is a buffer solution.

A buffer is a mixture of a weak base and its conjugate acid mixed together in appreciable concentrations. They act to moderate gross changes in pH . So approx. equal concentrations of a weak base with its conjugate acid, or addition of half an equiv of strong acid to weak base, will generate a buffer.

The body uses buffers solution to maintain a constant pH. For example, blood contains a carbonate/bicarbonate buffer that keeps the pH close to 7.4. Enzyme activity depends on pH, so the pH during an enzyme assay must stay constant. In shampoos.

Characteristics of Buffer:

• It has a definite pH value.
• Its pH value doesn’t change on keeping for a long time.
• Its pH value doesn’t change on dilution.
• Its pH value doesn’t change even with the addition of a small amount of a strong acid or a base.

Types of Buffer Solutions Buffers are broadly divided into two types – acidic and alkaline buffer solutions. Acidic buffers are solutions that have a pH below 7 and contain a weak acid and one of its salts. For example, a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as a buffer solution with a pH of about 4.75.

A buffer solution is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood. Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic. Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base.

An aqueous solution of an equal concentration of acetic acid and sodium acetate has a pH of 4.74. These solutions consist of a weak acid and a salt of a weak acid. An example of an acidic buffer solution is a mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid (pH = 4.75).

1 : any of various devices or pieces of material for reducing shock or damage due to contact. 2 : a means or device used as a cushion against the shock of fluctuations in business or financial activity. 3 : something that serves as a protective barrier: such as. a : buffer state.

Buffer Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for buffer?

safeguard	screen
bulwark	cushion
shield	barrier
bumper	cocoon
cushioning	fender

Buffer in a Sentence 🔉

1. The wine glasses came with a cardboard around them to buffer any shock from shipping.
2. A buffer of security personnel protected the celebrity as they walked the red carpet.

Buffering Effect Definition A buffering effect is a process in which a psychosocial resource reduces the impact of life stress on psycho-logical well-being. Having such a resource contributes to adjustment because persons are less affected by negative life events.

Over time, Max has come to feel better about himself, and as a couple they are happier than ever. This dynamic is known as “partner buffering,” and it’s very common in relationships. In fact, couples use it every day without even being aware of what they are doing.

Buffer time is extra time added to a service duration that you use to clean up after the appointment, or prepare for the next appointment. So if you have a 30 minute service, but it takes 10 minutes to clean up afterwards, then you add a 10 minute buffer time.

If any of this sounds familiar, you’re a Buffer – someone who takes up an emotional airbag role with a view that once you’ve shown how indispensable and supportive you are, they will get over their ex and choose you. Buffer means rebound relationship territory.

: a stock of a basic commodity (such as tin) acquired (as by a cartel) in a period of low or unstable prices and distributed in a period of high prices to stabilize the market.

nagpapahina ng lakas

A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications.