A theory which holds that globalisation is a complex process involving a number of different two-way exchanges between global institutions and local cultures; it can be reversed and controlled.

The skeptics argue that the side effects of globalization on the society are much greater than its positive effects. One of the greatest skeptics, Ralph Dahrendorf, foresees a threat to social cohesion due to increase in individualism and competition.

An optimist globalist who believes that the world wide adoption of neoliberal policies by governments have resulted in economic globalisation, more trade between nations and increasing prosperity for all.

Hyper-globalists (sometimes referred to as global optimists) believe that globalization is happening and that local cultures are being eroded primarily because of the expansion of international capitalism and the emergence of a homogeneous global culture; they (as the ‘optimist’ part of the label implies) believe that …

Globalization brings reorganization at the international, national, and sub-national levels. Specifically, it brings the reorganization of production, international trade, and the integration of financial markets. Globalization is now seen as marginalizing the less educated and low-skilled workers.

Hardwired proposes that globalization originated from the basic motivation of human beings to seek a better life (Chanda, 2007). History shows that our ancestors travel from Africa to other places in search of food and security. Globalization in the meaning we now understand came into usage in the 1970s.

What are the five drivers of globalization? The five major kinds of drivers, all based on changes that are leading international firms to the globalization of their operations, include political, technological, market, cost, and competitive drivers.

The academic version of this view, the “hyperglobalization thesis”, argues that the emergence of a single global market and global competition has eliminated the political latitude for action of national states and imposes neo-liberal policies on all governments.

Yip (1995) groups those conditions into four groups of “industry globalization drivers”: market, cost, government and competitive drivers. They are the underlying conditions in each industry that affect the industry globalization potential, i.e. the potential for firms to set a global strategy and compete worldwide.

The hyperglobalist perspective as an approach which sees globalization as a new epoch in human history. This new epoch is characterized by the declining relevance and authority of nation-states, brought about largely through the economic logic of a global market. Economies are becoming “denationalized.”

Governments are able to better work together towards common goals now that there is an advantage in cooperation, an improved ability to interact and coordinate, and a global awareness of issues. There is greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food, clothing, and more.

Hyperglobalizers see Globalization as an age where; global economy’ (Ohmae, 2005, p. 5). From an economic perspective, this argument suggests that neo-liberal Globalization has created a single global market, and that States’ economies are becoming De-Nationalized by new Global networks. This view is supported by Ohame who suggests that;

Hong Kong, London, Frankfurt, Barcelona and Mumbai are in direct interaction with the world without linking themselves with the regional economy. Anthony Giddens favours hyper-globalizers but argues that both hyper-globalizers and skeptics are mistaken. Globalization, according to him, is not merely economic.

With this in mind, it is important to identify that hyperglobalizers believe that globalization is re-designating social structures that will go on to outstrip nation states as the units of World Society. Optimistic Hyperglobalizers see sameness as a benefit of Globalization.

The Hyper-Globalist/ Optimist View of Globalization. Hyper-globalists (sometimes referred to as global optimists) believe that globalization is happening and that local cultures are being eroded primarily because of the expansion of international capitalism and the emergence of a homogeneous global culture; they