The letters x, y, z, a, b, c, m, and n are probably the most commonly used variables. The letters e and i have special values in algebra and are usually not used as variables. The letter o is usually not used because it can be mistaken for 0 (zero).

postscriptum

The main dynamic levels are: p or piano, which means “soft” f or forte, which means “loud”

phonographic copyright symbol

For digital music the P Line is included within the metadata associated with an audio file. C Line: The © symbol, or C Line, is used to indicate copyright in a range of creative works other than sound recordings.

One melody predominates while the other parts play either single notes or an elaborate accompaniment. A homophonic texture may be homorhythmic, which means that all parts have the same rhythm. Chorale texture is another variant of homophony.

Monophony means music with a single “part” and a “part” typically means a single vocal melody, but it could mean a single melody on an instrument of one kind or another. Polyphony means music with more than one part, and so this indicates simultaneous notes.

Homophonic (melody plus accompaniment) textures emerge including the use of basso continuo (a continuous bass line over which chords were built used to accompany a melodic line) Continuo sections provide the basso continuo (continuous bass line) and are used in Baroque opera, concerti, and chamber music.

Basso continuo, though an essential structural and identifying element of the Baroque period, continued to be used in many works, especially sacred choral works, of the classical period (up to around 1800). An example is C. P. E. Bach’s Concerto in D minor for flute, strings and basso continuo.

The basso continuo was important because it provided a strong, continuous bass line against which the melody was expressed.

A basso continuo is, in 17th- and 18th- century music, the bass line and keyboard part that provide a harmonic framework for a piece of music. Basso Continuo literally means ‘continuous bass’, or to use the old English version, ‘through bass’.

A basso continuo typically consists of a cello (or double bass) and organ or harpsichord. The cello plays the bass line while the keyboard player improvises chords, derived from musical shorthand notation called figured bass .

The keyboard (or other chording instrument) player realizes a continuo part by playing, in addition to the indicated bass notes, upper notes to complete chords, either determined ahead of time or improvised in performance.

1 : a bass singer especially : an operatic bass. 2 : a low deep voice.

A continuo is an accompanying part used in Baroque music, which provides a bassline for the other parts and adds harmony. It all centred on the bass line. Above the principal notes of the bass part, numbers and other musical symbols (‘figures’) started to appear like sharps or flats.