Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria).

Eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. In mitosis, one cell divides to supply two genetically identical cells. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by cellular division to produce four haploid daughter cells.

Eukaryotes can suffer from a lack of genetic diversity due to asexual reproduction via binary fission. Over time, natural selection has pressured these organisms to develop ways to exchange bits of DNA with other organisms to introduce some genetic diversity.

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce asexually through binary fission. Most prokaryotes reproduce rapidly.

Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual and usually takes place by binary fission. The DNA of a prokaryote exists as as a single, circular chromosome.

Most thinking people accept the theory of evolution, that humans evolved from a common ancestor we share with apes, which in turn, evolved from even more primitive organisms. These fish were the earliest vertebrates we know that reproduced through internal fertilisation, like humans do.

Lilith

Sam

Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton.

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. God has been conceived as either personal or impersonal. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe.

But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.

seven heavens

The Qur’an describes how Allah created Adam: “We created man from sounding clay, from mud moulded into shape…” (15:26). And, “He began the creation of man from clay, and made his progeny from a quintessence of fluid” (32:7-8).

in the beginning – God started creation. the first day – light was created. the second day – the sky was created. the third day – dry land, seas, plants and trees were created.

Therefore, the first creation by God was the supreme archangel followed by other archangels, who are identified with lower Intellects. From these Intellects again, emanated lower angels or “moving spheres”, from which in turn, emanated other Intellects until it reaches the Intellect, which reigns over the souls.

The man called Adam was created when God “formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul” (Genesis 2:7). Therefore, Adam was created from the soil, which is actually reflected in his name.

In the first, Elohim (the Hebrew generic word for God) creates the heavens and the Earth in six days, then rests on, blesses and sanctifies the seventh (i.e. the Biblical Sabbath).

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides into two (replicates).

Food: Eubacteria are both auto- and heterotrophic. When they are autotrophic, they use both chemical synthesis and photosynthesis. Reproduction: Eubacteria use asexual reproduction by binary fission. Fun facts: Eubacteria can be found in the human body and are especially important for digestion.

Nutrition. A great many of the most familiar eubacteria are heterotrophs, meaning they must take food in from outside sources. Of the heterotrophs, the majority are saprophytes, which consume dead material, or parasites, which live on or within another organism at the host’s expense.

Made of Peptidoglycan – unique to Eubacteria….

Mycoplasmas are eubacteria devoid of cell walls and are members of the class Mollicutes, Order I Mycoplasmatales. Genus I, Mycoplasma, has more than 100 species of which 25 infect avian species, and 10 of which infect chickens (Kleven, 2008).

Mycoplasma (plural mycoplasmas or mycoplasmata) is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes. This characteristic makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis (like the beta-lactam antibiotics). They can be parasitic or saprotrophic.

Yes, you can. Mgen is transmitted by genital-to-genital contact including vaginal and anal contact and oral-to-genital contact.

The contagious period is about 10 days. Does past infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae make a person immune? Immunity after mycoplasma infection does occur. However, a person can get mycoplasma more than once (generally milder than the first episode).

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection pneumoniae are sometimes referred to as “walking pneumonia” since symptoms are generally mild. Sometimes M. pneumoniae can cause more serious lung infections that require care in a hospital though.

No, neither MS nor MG affects humans, but humans can spread the bacteria. The eggs and meat, when properly prepared, are safe to eat, but for treated birds, follow the specified antibiotic withdrawal times. Poultry Mycoplasmas are not known to cause disease in humans.

Causes and clinical signs Mycoplasma gallisepticum: signs can include foamy eyes, sneezing, nasal discharge, swollen eyelids and sinuses, reduced egg production and gasping in chickens, turkeys and pheasants, swollen sinuses in waterfowl. This one is the main culprit in backyard flocks.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the most common upper respiratory infection of backyard chicken flocks. The characteristic signs of naturally occurring infections are watery eyes, tracheal rales, nasal discharge, and coughing (Figure 1). Feed consumption is reduced, resulting in weight loss.

As it can be carried by wild birds, free range hens can come into contact with it easily. Mycoplasma can be transmitted in dust (fomates), on bedding, on shoes and clothing. The infectious agent survives for only a matter of days in the environment.

Treatment, Control, and Prevention Tylosin or tetracyclines have been commonly used to reduce egg transmission or as prophylactic treatment to prevent respiratory disease in broilers and turkeys. Antibiotics may alleviate the clinical signs and lesions but do not eliminate infection.

Naturally Preventing Mycoplasma in Your Flock The best way to prevent Mycoplasma in your flock is to start adding natural antibacterial and antiviral herbs to your chicken’s daily feed ration. Herbs like astragalus, thyme, oregano, lemon balm, garlic, stinging nettle, yarrow, and echinacea are a great place to start.

Poultry just like all animals can get sick from various bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens. Fortunately most poultry can recover from an infection and return to normal health via their immune systems and if necessary the judicious use of antibiotics if treating a bacterial infection.

The easiest way to eliminate mycoplasma is to autoclave the contaminated cells together with any bottle of medium and solution used with this relevant culture. Don’t forget subsequent cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, hoods, incubators, pipettors etc.

All meat, poultry and dairy foods sold in the U.S. are free of antibiotic residues, as required by federal law — whether or not the food is labeled “antibiotic free.” Remember, food labels are about marketing, not about food safety, Obbink says.

poultry house environment The identity of recovered mycoplasmas was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. All three Mycoplasma species survived for the longest time on feathers with M. gallisepticum surviving between 2 and 4 days and M. synoviae 2 to 3 days.