In-text citations include the last name of the author followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. “Here’s a direct quote” (Smith 8). If the author’s name is not given, then use the first word or words of the title. Follow the same formatting that was used in the works cited list, such as quotation marks.

The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) says, “Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text” (p. 174). Thus, there is no reason to include uncited sources in the reference list.

Always use in-text citations when you paraphrase or summarize, to let the reader know that the information comes from another source. For more information about paraphrasing, please review the content on the paraphrasing page.

When writing a reference list in the Chicago style:

1. Sort the list alphabetically by author’s surname.
2. Include all citations in one list (not divided up into books, articles, websites, etc.)
3. Start the reference list on a new page.

A block quote is a long quotation, set on a new line and indented to create a separate block of text. No quotation marks are used….How long is a block quote?

Create a Prose Block Quote in Chicago/Turabian

1. Do not enclose the quote in quotation marks.
2. Single space the quoted section.
3. Leave a space before and after Turabian block quotes.
4. Keep quotation marks if they are used within the quotation itself.
5. Indent the whole block as you would a paragraph (0.5 inches).

Basics

1. Block quotations start on their own line.
2. The entire block quotation is indented 0.5 inches, the same as the indentation for a new paragraph, and is double spaced.
3. Block quotations are not surrounded by any quotation marks.
4. The punctuation at the end of the block quotation goes before the citation.

If you wish to refer to more than one source which has the same viewpoint, list them together at the relevant point in the sentence, putting them in brackets with the author’s name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi-colon. The sources should be cited in alphabetical order in each list.

Provide a reference list entry for the secondary source you are citing. In the text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used. If the year of publication is known for the primary source, also include it in the text.