What social phenomenon most accurately describes the experience of the physicians in the review? D is correct. The bystander effect is a phenomenon in social psychology where people stand by during a situation where someone else is at risk.

Which concept is most useful in explaining the results of the relationship between race and social class in the study? Socialization refers to how individual attitudes are shaped by social factors. As was stated, race is viewed as fluid concept in Brazil.

The term social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. This phenomenon is much like people’s tendency to be part of a group project, but rely heavily on just a few individuals to complete the work.

Doctors are often exposed to high levels of stress in their day-to-day work and are at greater risk of experiencing mental disorders, substance abuse, suicide, and impairment in functioning.

Receiving incentive pay increases your burnout odds by 130 percent when compared to physicians who are paid under other salary models. Being a midcareer physician increases your burnout odds, with burnout 25 percent more likely among these physicians than those early or late in their career.

Among the most common symptoms of burnout are:

• Loss of motivation.
• Feeling helpless, trapped or defeated.
• Detachment.
• Increased cynical or negative outlook.
• Decreased satisfaction or sense of accomplishment.
• Feeling tired and drained most of the time.
• Tiredness that does not respond to adequate rest.
• Lowered immunity.

Completing too many administrative tasks Among those with physician burnout, more than half say too many bureaucratic tasks such as charting and paperwork are to blame, according to the MedScape National Physician Burnout, Depression & Suicide Report 2019.

Burnout takes a toll on physicians, their patients, and their practices. Short visits, complicated patients, lack of control, electronic health record stress, and poor work-home balance can lead to physicians leaving practices they once loved, poor patient outcomes, and shortages in primary care physicians.

Pathology, dermatology, and family medicine are often considered to be relatively less stressful than the other doctor specialties.

Doctors reel under unrelenting work pressure, they work for inhumane hours, suffer from severe burnout, undergo sleep deprivation and anxiety but despite all of these struggles their profession demands them to put up a brave front, one that lacks any fragility.

The term “burnout” suggests that doctors are not resilient enough or efficient enough—in essence, that the problem resides within the individual, who is somehow lacking. Doctors are finding their work challenging, but we feel that “burnout” is a misrepresentation.

Until now, burnout has been called a stress syndrome. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently updated its definition.

Cuba

Top 19 highest-paying doctor jobs

• Surgeon.
• Dermatologist.
• Orthopedist.
• Urologist.
• Neurologist. National average salary: $237,309 per year.
• Orthodontist. National average salary: $259,163 per year.
• Anesthesiologist. National average salary: $328,526 per year.
• Cardiology physician. National average salary: $345,754 per year.

According to the BLS, the average hourly wage of a doctor is roughly $89. The hourly wage is higher for some specialties and lower for other specialties. Anesthesiologists average about $113 an hour, surgeons average about $111 an hour, internists average about $91 an hour, and pediatricians average about $81 an hour.

The Happiest Doctors Rheumatologists — specialists in arthritis, joints, muscles, and bones — topped the list with an average self-reported happiness rating of 4.09. They were followed closely by dermatologists (4.06), urologists (4.04), ophthalmologists (4.03), and emergency medicine doctors (4.01).

The specialties in which physicians are more likely to work 51 or more hours a week are:

• General surgery: 77 percent.
• Urology: 76 percent.
• Cardiology: 72 percent.
• Pulmonary medicine: 68 percent.
• Nephrology: 68 percent.

Family physicians are the most in-demand physicians, followed by internal medicine, according to the Doximity report. 2. Internists: These physicians diagnose and perform non-surgical treatment of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems, such as heart disease or diabetes.

According to the Medscape report, doctors in the following fields are happiest:

• Rheumatology: 60% of those surveyed reported satisfaction with life away from work.
• General surgery: 60%
• Public health & preventive medicine: 59%
• Allergy & Immunology: 59%
• Orthopedics: 58%
• Urology: 58%
• Ophthalmology: 58%