what are the categories of violence? structural. concerns those acts in which the motivations are expressive of some emotional state, such as anger or jealousy. consists of the assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders, which often come to mind when thinking about violence.

Instrumental crimes are those conducted for explicit, future goals (such as to acquire money or improve one’s social position), whereas expressive offenses are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration (see Block 1976; Block and Christakos 1995; Block and Zimring 1973; Decker 1993; 1996; Siegel 1998).

Expressive crimes are impulsive and emotional as opposed to planned like one can see with the most instrumental crimes. In contrast with expressive crimes, here the offender views the victim not as a person, but rather as an object through which they can obtain their desired goal.

-Instrumental violence: acts designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal. Explanations for violent crime.

Being aggressive is often defined as establishing one’s rights in a way that violates or ignores the rights of others: In other words, getting your own way at other people’s expense. Aggressive behaviour often involves putting people down, making them feel guilty, intimidated, small, incompetent, foolish or worthless.

Two major types of aggression, proactive and reactive, are associated with contrasting expression, eliciting factors, neural pathways, development, and function. The distinction is useful for understanding the nature and evolution of human aggression.

Reactive aggression occurs in response to perceived threat and involves hostile attribution biases (Dodge and Coie 1987; Hubbard et al. 2001; Lobbestael et al. 2013). An example of reactive aggression would be a teen punching a peer after the peer made fun of or teased him or her.

Assertive behavior is all about standing up for yourself, but aggression usually involves threatening, attacking, or (to a lesser degree) ignoring others. Assertive individuals stand up for themselves—for their beliefs, their values, their needs. And they do so in a respectful, unthreatening, nonviolent way.

Assertive people tend to have the following characteristics:

• They feel free to express their feelings, thoughts, and desires.
• They are “also able to initiate and maintain comfortable relationships with [other] people”
• They know their rights.
• They have control over their anger.

What Are The 3 C’s Of Assertive Communication? Confidence – you believe in your ability to handle a situation. Clear – the message you have is clear and easy to understand. Controlled – you deliver information in a calm and controlled manner.

Assertiveness – Tips & Techniques. Assertiveness is expressing your thoughts, emotions, beliefs and opinions in an honest and appropriate way. As assertiveness should be encouraged in others it is also important to remember that we should always respect the thoughts, feelings, opinions and beliefs of other people.

There are a number of assertiveness techniques. These include basic assertion, empathic assertion, consequence assertion, discrepancy assertion, the broken record technique, and negative feeling assertion. It is important to remember your non-verbal communication when using these techniques.

4.4 Basic elements of assertive behaviour

• Use ‘I’ statements – a clear, clean statement of your experience of the situation or issue.
• Remain conscious of body language.
• Use direct eye contact.
• Speak in a confident, positive and expectant tone of voice.
• Avoid arguing in a conflict.
• State clearly the central issue at stake e.g. the rule being broken.

Assertive can be used both positively (meaning “confident”) and negatively (meaning “aggressive”).

Common barriers to assertiveness: Fear of another person’s anger or disapproval. Guilt about placing our needs first. Discomfort with asking others to see our preferences as important. Fear of appearing to be ‘selfish’

Here are some tips to help you become more assertive:

1. Assess your style. Do you voice your opinions or remain silent?
2. Use ‘I’ statements.
3. Practice saying no.
4. Rehearse what you want to say.
5. Use body language.
6. Keep emotions in check.
7. Start small.