Q. What will happen if there is an error in mitosis?
Mistakes during mitosis lead to the production of daughter cells with too many or too few chromosomes, a feature known as aneuploidy. In addition to alterations in chromosome number, tumor cells show frequent structural alterations in chromosomes that include deletions, amplifications, and translocations.
Q. Can mutation occur during mitosis?
A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA in a cell. There are many different kinds of mutations. Mutations can occur before, during, and after mitosis and meiosis.
Q. What type of mistakes can cause a mutation?
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke. Over a lifetime our DNA? can undergo changes or ‘mutations?’ in the sequence of bases?, A, C, G and T.
Q. How do you calculate the mutation rate?
Mutation rate is calculated from the equation μ = m/N, where N is the average number of cells per culture (approximately equal to the number of cell divisions per culture since the initial inoculum is much smaller than N).
Q. What has the highest mutation rate?
RNA viruses have high mutation rates—up to a million times higher than their hosts—and these high rates are correlated with enhanced virulence and evolvability, traits considered beneficial for viruses.
Q. What does a beneficial mutation depend on?
In the simplest situation with multiple concurrent beneficial mutations, there are three important parameters: the population size, N, the beneficial mutation rate per individual per generation, Ub, and the fitness increase provided by each mutation, s.
Q. How can bacterial mutations occur?
Mutations can result from errors during DNA replication or induced by exposure to mutagens (like chemicals and radiation). Spontaneous mutations occur at a rate of 1 in 10^5 to 10^8 and contribute to random population variation.
Q. What type of natural selection is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance is a consequence of evolution via natural selection. The antibiotic action is an environmental pressure; those bacteria which have a mutation allowing them to survive will live on to reproduce. They will then pass this trait to their offspring, which will be a fully resistant generation.
Q. How long does it take for bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics?
Bacteria reproduce rapidly, sometimes in as little as 20 minutes. Therefore, it does not take long for the antibiotic-resistant bacteria to comprise a large proportion of a bacterial population.
Q. What factors cause antibiotic resistance?
In summary, the 6 main causes of antibiotic resistance have been linked to:
- Over-prescription of antibiotics.
- Patients not finishing the entire antibiotic course.
- Overuse of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming.
- Poor infection control in health care settings.
- Poor hygiene and sanitation.
Q. What happens if you are resistant to antibiotics?
When bacteria become resistant, the original antibiotic can no longer kill them. These germs can grow and spread. They can cause infections that are hard to treat. Sometimes they can even spread the resistance to other bacteria that they meet.
Q. Why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common?
Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance.
