Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there.

The minerals that make up igneous rocks crystallize at a range of different temperatures. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.10 and Who was Bowen).

The minerals that make up igneous rocks crystallize at a range of different temperatures. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid.

Why does magma composition change during fractional crystallization? Different elements in the magma form crystals at different rates, leaving behind more of the unused elements. The crystals are denser than the magma.

Magma Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for magma?

Rocks that cool quickly, especially the outer layers of a flow, are primarily composed of glass particles and tiny mafic minerals. This is why the outer surface of a flow is black. The most abundant felsic mineral in lava rock is plagioclase feldspar, which gives the surfaces a waxy luster.

Scientists usually use the color of the lava as a rough indicator of how hot it is, with red being “cool” (about 1,472 °F), orange being slightly warmer (about 1,472–1,832 °F), and yellow being the hottest (from 1,832–2,192 °F), according to the USGS.

Ludger Sylbaris (1 June 1874 – c. 1929, aged 55) was an Afro-Caribbean man who was one of the survivors in the city of Saint-Pierre on the Caribbean island of Martinique during the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée on May 8, 1902.

He is presumed to have been killed by a pyroclastic flow that overtook his lodge and buried the site under 150 ft (46 m) of volcanic debris….

Here are the five deadliest volcanoes in history:

• Tambora, Indonesia (1815) The largest recorded volcanic eruption in history, Tambora caused enough starvation and disease to kill approximately 80,000 people.
• Krakatau, Indonesia (1883)
• Pelée, Martinique (1902)
• Ruiz, Colombia (1985)
• Unzen, Japan (1792)

There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral composition.

Different magma types behave differently as lava flows, depending on their temperature, viscosity, and gas content. Pahoehoe Flows – Basaltic lava flows with low viscosity start to cool when exposed to the low temperature of the atmosphere.

Temperatures of lavas are in the range 700 °C to 1300 °C (or 1300 °F to 2400 °F), but very rare carbonatite magmas may be as cool as 490 °C, and komatiite magmas may have been as hot as 1600 °C. These are temperatures of magma that has been extruded at the surface.

Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. These differences in chemical composition are directly related to differences in gas content, temperature, and viscosity.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8.

Oxygen

Explanation: Oxygen, the most abundant element in magma, comprises a little less than half the total, followed by silicon at just over one-quarter. The remaining elements make up the other one-quarter. Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium.

Answer: in my opinion the message of the poem is all about another tomorrow. its just like he keep himself to the dark without knowing that he’s being burnt or being prisoning.

The factors that mainly affect in the formation of magma can be summarized into three: Temperature, Pressure and composition. Temperature plays a role in the formation of the melts in the magma. Lower temperature in the earth’s crust might solidify the components and magma may not be formed.

The three factors that influence the viscosity of a lava are temperature, the dissolved gases it contains, and its chemical composition.

Answer. Gas is a state of matter that flows more easily than liquids.

rhyolitic magma

Explosive eruptions are favored by high gas content & high viscosity magmas (andesitic to rhyolitic magmas). The explosive bursting of bubbles fragments the magma into clots of liquid that cool as they fall through the air. These solid particles become pyroclasts or volcanic ash.

A volcano’s explosiveness depends on the composition of the magma (molten rock) and how readily gas can escape from it. As magma rises and pressure is released, gas bubbles (mainly of water vapor and carbon dioxide) form and expand rapidly, causing explosions.

shield volcano

YELLOWSTONE “SUPERVOLCANO” (U.S.) Last erupted: 640,000 years agoEffects of a major eruption: When the Yellowstone Caldera, or “supervolcano,” in Yellowstone National erupts again, it will render a huge swath of North America, from Vancouver to Oklahoma City, uninhabitable.

There are three types of volcanoes: cinder cones (also called spatter cones), composite volcanoes (also called stratovolcanoes), and shield volcanoes. Figure 11.22 illustrates the size and shape differences amongst these volcanoes. Shield volcanoes, which get their name from their broad rounded shape, are the largest.

A volcano is a vent in the Earth’s crust from which eruptions occur. There are about 1500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. When volcanoes erupt they can spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava and rock that can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in heavily populated areas.