After the American Revolution, and until about 1830, Baltimore was the leading flour milling trade center in America.

The geographic center of wheat-growing areas in the U.S. in 1839 was to the north and west of Washington, D.C., and spread further over time to the far west of the country.

By the early 1800s, many mills had installed bolting equipment so they could refine or “whiten” the flour. This involved grinding the same wheat multiple times. After each pass, the millstones were re-adjusted for a finer grind and then the fine flour would be extracted by bolting.

In the late 18th century, Oliver Evans invented the first automated flour mill in the United States that did the work of seven men (Basey 7). It used millstones, had an enormous amount of levers and pulleys, and was very noisy. Evans’ mills were water powered, so they were situated along rivers.

The earliest archaeological evidence for wheat seeds crushed between simple millstones to make flour dates to 6000 BC. The Romans were the first to grind seeds on cone mills. In 1779, at the beginning of the Industrial Era, the first steam mill was erected in London.

Oldest technique for flour making was in combination of a stone mortar and pestle. In time, different mechanisms of grinding of flour were invented. Ancient Greeks had watermills before 71 BC. Grain was fed between millstone, which was turned by the mechanism powered by water, and bedstone and grinded into powder.

Wheat flour is, so far as can be determined, approximately as old as wheat — which was first domesticated in Neolithic Turkey. Definitely old-world.

All-purpose flour, also known as refined flour or simply flour, is made from wheat grains after removing the brown covering. It is then milled, refined and bleached. It is very common in Indian cuisine specially for various many Indian breads.

The international effort to start enriching flour was launched during the 1940s as a means to improve the health of the wartime populations of the British and United States while food was being rationed and alternative sources of the nutrients were scarce.

The 7 Healthiest Types of Bread

1. Sprouted whole grain. Sprouted bread is made from whole grains that have started to sprout from exposure to heat and moisture.
2. Sourdough.
3. 100% whole wheat.
4. Oat bread.
5. Flax bread.
6. 100% sprouted rye bread.
7. Healthy gluten-free bread.

endosperm

In the United States, milk is commonly fortified with vitamins A and D. However, depending on where you live, milk may be fortified with other nutrients or left unfortified. Fortification may help fill nutrient gaps, prevent iron deficiencies in children, and increase bone density and strength.

Most milk sold at retail in the U.S. contains vitamin D. Because few foods naturally contain vitamin D, it can be added in specified amounts to foods like milk, yogurt and many cheeses to help people meet dietary recommendations.

It’s a fat-soluble vitamin, so in milk it’s naturally present only in the fat. However, most milk manufacturers add vitamin D to milk, so every type has a similar vitamin D content….Different types of milk: Whole, low fat and skim.

Is vitamin D changed by heating? Answer: No. Vitamin D is not changed by heating. Hot milk (as in hot chocolate) will give you the same amount of vitamin D as the same amount of cold milk.

Because vitamin C is water-soluble and sensitive to heat, it can leach out of vegetables when they’re immersed in hot water. B vitamins are similarly heat sensitive. Up to 60% of thiamine, niacin, and other B vitamins may be lost when meat is simmered and its juices run off.