National Archives and Records Administration

Environmental Protection Agency was responsible for investigating the effects of an environmental disaster on citizens and wildlife.

National Science Foundation

Examples of Independent Agencies are the ICC, FCC, NLRB, and NRC. The National Labor Relations Board, the FEC, the FTC, the Federal Reserve Board, and the FCC.

Independent agencies are not subject to direct control by the president or the executive branch, unlike executive agencies. Most executive agencies have a single director, secretary, or administrator appointed by the president to oversee the department’s activities.

Although the CIA is operated as an independent federal agency, Congress and the executive branch oversee the activities and monitoring programs of the CIA. The CIA works to: Close intelligence gaps through enhanced foreign collection and analysis.

CIA agents are generally not allowed to reveal details of their jobs as per their contract. They can tell their spouse or loved ones that they work for the CIA, but further inquiries into their job details are prohibited, and the agents are not allowed to divulge what they did at work.

Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is officially mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic intelligence collection….Central Intelligence Agency.

Presidents normally do have the authority to remove regular executive agency heads at will, but they must meet the statutory requirements for removal of commissioners of independent agencies, such as demonstrating incapacity, neglect of duty, malfeasance, or other good cause.

A mayor is the sole chief of the executive branch of the municipality and he/she cannot serve in the municipal council (city council) or in the parliament. Mayors cannot be dismissed by the municipal council, but they can be removed from the office by the citizens of their municipality in a referendum.

The Constitution explicitly assigns the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors.

Article II §2 gives president power “with the advice and consent of the Senate” to appoint “all ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for . . . but the Congress may by law vest the …

The Treaty Clause provides that the president “shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.” This means that the president may enter into a treaty with a foreign nation that may be ratified by a two-thirds Senate vote.

If executive agreements are similar to treaties, and they do not have to be approved by the Senate, why does the president still negotiate treaties? First of all, an executive agreement makes for an easy political target. Also, a treaty is a formal agreement and is carried over to the successive office holders.

Article II, Section 2 provides the President with the power to “grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.” This power applies only to federal cases; the President may not grant pardons for state crimes.

(1) POTUS cannot pardon himself. (2) This follows from the “fundamental rule” that “no one may be a judge in his own case.”

presidential power to grant reprieves and pardons (mercy or leniency) to an offender in cases involving federal offenses. presidential pardoning power to reduce (commute) the length of a sentence or fine imposed by a court.

Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution designates the President as the only person with the power to grant pardons and reprieves for federal crimes. The Constitution prohibits the President from pardoning impeached officials (but he can issue pardons for the crimes that led to the impeachment).