Sebaceous gland, small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

This process is called keratinization (pronounced: ker-uh-tuh-nuh-ZAY-shun). As this happens, the hair cells die. The dead cells and keratin form the shaft of the hair. Hair grows all over the human body except the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and lips.

Keratinization refers to the cytoplasmic events that occur in the cytoplasm of epidermal keratinocytes during their terminal differentiation. It involves the formation of keratin polypeptides and their polymerization into keratin intermediate filaments (tonofilaments). Keratins additional to a pair are sometimes found.

The keratins and keratin-associated proteins are useful as differentiation markers because their expression is both region specific and differentiation specific. Antibodies to keratin are considered as important tissue differentiation markers and therefore are an integral aid in diagnostic pathology.

It is caused by mutation in the gene coding for filaggrin, a key protein involved in skin barrier function. This is the mildest form of ichthyosis. The main symptoms are dry- ness and scaling of the skin. The onset is early childhood.

Lifestyle changes

1. moisturizing your skin regularly.
2. avoiding tight, restrictive clothing.
3. using a humidifier in cold, dry weather.
4. limiting bathing time.
5. using lukewarm water in showers and baths.
6. reducing hair removal sessions, such as shaving and waxing, as these can irritate hair follicles over time.

Vitamin A deficiency remains an important cause of ocular morbidity among patients with chronic liver disease and lipid malabsorption, and is a major cause of blindness in developing countries. Early ocular surface changes include keratinization of the conjunctiva and development of superficial punctate keratopathy.

You may experience red, dry and itchy skin due to vitamin D deficiency. Intake of vitamin D can help you treat such skin problems.

8 Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency

• Dry Skin. Share on Pinterest.
• Dry Eyes. Eye problems are some of the most well-known issues related to vitamin A deficiency.
• Night Blindness.
• Infertility and Trouble Conceiving.
• Delayed Growth.
• Throat and Chest Infections.
• Poor Wound Healing.
• Acne and Breakouts.

Vitamin B12 deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia, a condition where the bone marrow produces large abnormally shaped red blood cells that do not function properly. Psychological conditions such as dementia, paranoia, depression, and behavioral changes can result from a vitamin B12 deficiency.

At first, you may need to have the injection a few times a week to boost your levels of vitamin B12. Some common side effects are feeling or being sick and diarrhoea.

How long will the effects of a B12 shot last? The effects of our shots vary between individuals. Most people feel the effects for about one week.

An injection of B12 can bring on immediate health benefits.

• Increases Energy Levels and Concentration.
• Improves Metabolism and Helps With Weight Loss.
• Boosts the Immune System.
• Helps Improve Sleep Patterns.
• Helps Stop Certain Types of Hair Loss.

If your vitamin B12 deficiency is not caused by a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, you’ll usually need to have an injection of hydroxocobalamin every 2 to 3 months for the rest of your life.

Which is better—the B12 pill or the shot? A. Low B12 can cause anemia and fatigue. For many people with low B12 levels, a daily supplement in the form of a pill is as effective as taking a monthly muscle injection.

B12 shot side effects include, but are not limited to:

• Swelling at the injection site.
• Mild diarrhea.
• Itching.
• Swelling in the body.
• Low potassium.
• Headache.
• Dizziness.
• Vomiting.

The cost for Vitamin B12 injectable solution (1000 mcg/mL) is around $90 for a supply of 25 milliliters, depending on the pharmacy you visit….Injectable Solution.

Fifty percent of the administered dose of Hydroxocobalamin disappears from the injection site in 2.5 hours. Hydroxocobalamin is bound to plasma proteins and stored in the liver. It is excreted in the bile and undergoes some enterohepatic recycling.

Weakness and fatigue are common symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. They occur because your body doesn’t have enough vitamin B12 to make red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout your body. As a result, you are unable to efficiently transport oxygen to your body’s cells, making you feel tired and weak.

In most cases, taking a B vitamin will not lead to weight gain. However, people who are deficient in vitamin B12 might notice the scale creep upwards once they start supplementing. That’s because loss of appetite is a symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency.

When the dose of B vitamins exceeds the normal requirement, it can interfere with the normal sleep cycle. High doses of B complex vitamins particularly vitamin B12 in the blood acts as an energy booster. Hence, a sudden rise in energy levels can affect normal sleep patterns and leads to insomnia.

No, you cannot overdose on B12 The Institute of Medicine has not established a tolerable upper intake level of B12 because studies show no adverse health effects when taking excess levels of B12, either through food or supplements.

The recommended dose for treating vitamin B12 deficiency is 1000 mcg daily. The recommended dose for preventing vitamin B12 deficiency is 1500 mg or 2500 mcg (sublingual tablets) daily.

Early research suggests that taking twice the recommended daily allowance of vitamin B12, with or without folic acid, does not reduce the risk of diarrhea in children.

The common forms of vitamin B include vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cyanocobalamin). Except for niacin (when given in high doses), there is no evidence that the other B vitamins, in physiologic or even super-physiologic high doses cause liver injury or jaundice.