application layer

Layer 4

transport-layer

TCP and IP are two separate computer network protocols. IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found. TCP is all the technology that makes the phone ring, and that enables you to talk to someone on another phone.

TCP/IP Reference Model is a four-layered suite of communication protocols. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol. The four layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite are − Host-to- Network Layer −It is the lowest layer that is concerned with the physical transmission of data.

The TCP/IP model is based on a five-layer model for networking. From bottom (the link) to top (the user application), these are the physical, data link, net- work, transport, and application layers. Not all layers are completely defined by the model, so these layers are “filled in” by external standards and protocols.

TCP is used extensively by many internet applications, including the World Wide Web (WWW), email, File Transfer Protocol, Secure Shell, peer-to-peer file sharing, and streaming media.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, whereas UDP is a connectionless protocol. A key difference between TCP and UDP is speed, as TCP is comparatively slower than UDP. Overall, UDP is a much faster, simpler, and efficient protocol, however, retransmission of lost data packets is only possible with TCP.

Netflix, Hulu, Youtube, etc. video streaming all use TCP and simply buffer a few seconds of content, instead of using UDP since the delay is not crucial and TCP transfers can be easily accomplished over HTTP and web browsers without the need for additional plugins and software.

TCP isn’t more secure than UDP, it is more “reliable” as it is stateful and requires acknowledgment of each segment. UDP is stateless and just sends segments without knowing of the client gets them or not.

Following are the benefits or advantages of UDP: ➨It uses small packet size with small header (8 bytes). This fewer bytes in the overhead makes UDP protocol need less time in processing the packet and need less memory. ➨It does not require connection to be established and maintained.

Typically, use UDP in applications where speed is more critical than reliability. For example, it may be better to use UDP in an application sending data from a fast acquisition where it is acceptable to lose some data points. You can also use UDP to broadcast to any machine(s) listening to the server.

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The advantages of TCP/IP protocol suite are It is interoperable, i.e., it allows cross-platform communications among heterogeneous networks. It is an open protocol suite. It is not owned by any particular institute and so can be used by any individual or organization. It is a scalable, client-server architecture.

The main disadvantage is unreliability and therefore complicated to program at the application level. TCP and UDP use the same addressing scheme.

Nearly all computers today use TCP/IP protocols for communication because it is highly scalable and routable. When learning about TCP/IP protocols, it is common to use a theoretical layered model called the TCP/IP model (also known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model).

The advantages of M-TCP are the following: It maintains the TCP end-to-end semantics. The SH does not send any ACK itself but forwards the ACKs from the MH. 0 If the MH is disconnected, it avoids useless retransmissions, slow starts or breaking connections by simply shrinking the sender’s window to 0.

The three phases of TCP operations Connection establishment. Data transfer. Connection termination.

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol a communications standard that enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network. It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful delivery of data and messages over networks.

Snooping TCP is one of the classical TCP improvement approaches. This approach is designed to solve the end-to-end semantics loss in I-TCP. The basic concept is to buffer packets close to the mobile node and retransmit them locally if a packet is lost.

Features

• TCP is reliable protocol.
• TCP ensures that the data reaches intended destination in the same order it was sent.
• TCP is connection oriented.
• TCP provides error-checking and recovery mechanism.
• TCP provides end-to-end communication.
• TCP provides flow control and quality of service.

TCP slow start is an algorithm which balances the speed of a network connection. Slow start gradually increases the amount of data transmitted until it finds the network’s maximum carrying capacity.

3. What led to the development of Indirect TCP? ➢ TCP performs poorly together with wireless links ➢ TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed. This led to the development of I-TCP which segments a TCP connection into a fixed part and a wireless part.

Layer 4 of the OSI Model: Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation and desegmentation, and error control.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the transport layer protocol that serves as an interface between client and server. In simple terms, the traditional TCP is defined as a wired network while classical TCP uses wireless approach. Mainly TCP is designed for fixed networks and fixed, wired networks.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is a set of conventions or rules and methods that are used to interconnect network devices on the Internet.

The most common transport protocols that use port numbers are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). A port number is always associated with an IP address of a host and the type of transport protocol used for communication.

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Model

TCP – used for traffic that you need all the data for. i.e HTML, pictures, etc. UDP – used for traffic that doesn’t suffer much if a packet is dropped, i.e. video & voice streaming, some data channels of online games, etc.