Answer. Reasoning is the process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations. Three methods of reasoning are the deductive, inductive, and abductive approaches.

law of syllogism

In mathematical logic, the Law of Syllogism says that if the following two statements are true: (1) If p , then q . (2) If q , then r . Then we can derive a third true statement: (3) If p , then r .

Laws of thought, traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the law of contradiction, (2) the law of excluded middle (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. The three laws can be stated symbolically as follows.

The 5 steps of critical thinking.

• Step 1: Knowledge. For every problem, clear vision puts us on the right path to solve it.
• Step 2: Comprehension.
• Step 3: Application.
• Step 4: Analyze.
• Step 5: Synthesis.
• Step 6: Take Action.

Piaget’s four stages

We postulate that there are at least nine intellectual standards important to conducting affairs of everyday life. These are, again, clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, depth, breadth, logical ness, significance, and fairness.

Universal intellectual standards are standards which when applied to thinking provides a means of checking the quality of reasoning about a problem, issue, situation, or question.

These intellectual traits include intellectual integrity, independence, perseverance, empathy, humility, courage, confidence in reason and fair-mindedness (Figure 1).