Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature review? A researcher is least likely to calculate an effect size for all the studies reviewed.

Why is the cross-sectional method more common than the longitudinal method? The results are obtained relatively quickly and it is less expensive. The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in: nonequivalent groups.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design? Advantages: Can compare scores before and after a treatment in a group that receives the treatment and in a group that does not. Disadvantages: susceptible to the threat of selection differences.

Solomon four group design: An experimental design that is used to evaluate the effect of pretesting.

A literature review is a “comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a specific topic” (Aveyard, 2010).

There exist several methods and techniques for synthesizing quantitative (e.g., frequency analysis, meta-analysis) and qualitative (e.g., grounded theory, narrative analysis, meta-ethnography) evidence (Dixon-Woods, Agarwal, Jones, Young, & Sutton, 2005; Thomas & Harden, 2008).

1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. 2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained.

Basic and applied research, further divided into three types of research bearing some characteristics feature as follows:

• Quantitative research.
• Qualitative research.
• Mixed research.
• Other types of research.
• Descriptive research.
• Longitudinal Research.
• Cross-sectional Research.
• Action research.