Richard Nixon

Criminalisation of drug users, excessive levels of imprisonment, and punitive sentencing practices, including mandatory sentencing, the death penalty and enforced ‘drug detention centres’, are some of the unintended negative consequences of the 50 year ‘war on drugs’, a policy with direct impact on the vulnerable, poor …

In the US, the war on drugs mostly impacts minority, particularly black, communities. This disproportionate effect is why critics often call the war on drugs racist. Although black communities aren’t more likely to use or sell drugs, they are much more likely to be arrested and incarcerated for drug offenses.

The war on drugs does far more harm than good. It is the engine that drives the record-breaking incarceration rates of the United States. It provides a contemporary veneer for longstanding racial prejudices and discriminations. It is the basis for depriving nearly one-and-a-half million Americans of the right to vote.

In 2016, about 200,000, under 16%, of the 1.3 million people in state jails, were serving time for drug offenses. 700,000 were incarcerated for violent offenses.

Economic Costs $120 billion in lost productivity, mainly due to labor participation costs, participation in drugabuse treatment, incarceration, and premature death; $11 billion in healthcare costs – for drug treatment and drug‐related medical consequences; and.

In the age of globalization, when drug trafficking threatened developing countries, industrialized countries were also affected. Those circumstances make the country’s official structures vulnerable to corruption and increased the potential danger for money-laundering and drug trafficking.1998年6月9日

Globalization has influenced everything, such as crime, criminal, and the victim, the process of committing a crime, the trial method, reasons to prove a claim, criminalization and decriminalization and criminal policy. Globalization has created new challenges and sometimes has helped to settle the challenges

“Transnational criminals have been one of the biggest beneficiaries of globalization.” Globalization facilitates international trade but also increases the difficulty of regulating global trade; traffickers and smugglers have exploited this. This has allowed illicit actors to launder the proceeds of crime more easily

In The globalization of crime: a transnational organized crime threat assessment, UNODC analyses a range of key transnational crime threats, including human trafficking, migrant smuggling, the illicit heroin and cocaine trades, cybercrime, maritime piracy and trafficking in environmental resources, firearms and …

Transnational crimes can be grouped into three broad categories involving provision of illicit goods (drug trafficking, trafficking in stolen property, weapons trafficking, and counterfeiting), illicit services (commercial sex and human trafficking), and infiltration of business and government (fraud, racketeering.

Examples of transnational crimes include: human trafficking, people smuggling, smuggling/trafficking of goods (such as arms trafficking and drug trafficking and illegal animal and plant products and other goods prohibited on environmental grounds (e.g. banned ozone depleting substances), sex slavery, terrorism offences …

How to Attack Transnational Crime

1. 1) Improve data with a trust fund for independent research.
2. 2) Draw on lessons from antiterrorism efforts.
3. 3) Bolster anti–money laundering regulations.
4. 4) Streamline U.S. government anticrime capacity building.
5. 5) Support evidence-based drug policy.
6. 6) Combat criminal impunity.

Failed States have weak institutions and high levels of corruption, which can be both a symptom and cause of organized criminal activity. Economic failure, such as high unemployment, low standards of living, and reliance on underground markets, stimulates criminal organizations to supply goods, services and jobs.

Luciano

Genovese family

Families with Commission seats

• Genovese (1931–present)
• Gambino (1931–present)
• Lucchese (1931–present)
• Chicago Outfit (1931–present), often represented by the Genovese family.
• Bonanno (1931–1980s; 1990s–present)
• Colombo (1931–1990s; 2000s–present)

The legendary “five families” still exist, experts said, and still operate in the same realms of organized crime: extortion, loan-sharking, racketeering, gambling

It has its roots in the Sicilian Mafia but is a separate organization in the United States. Today, the American Mafia cooperates in various criminal activities with Italian organized crime groups, such as the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra of Naples and the ‘Ndrangheta of Calabria.

Original and current Five Families bosses

Although Yakuza membership has declined since the implementation of the Anti-Boryokudan Act in 1992, there are still approximately 28,200 active Yakuza members in Japan as of 2019. From its headquarters in Kobe, it directs criminal activities throughout Japan.

oyabun

Violence for the most part happens between gang branches or non-yakuza gangs within Japan. The yakuza punish their own, sometimes infamously forcing the person who did wrong to remove the tip of a finger as a form of apology. The yakuza are even known to reduce some crime. They will often police themselves.