In 1534, Ignatius and six other young men, including Francis Xavier and Peter Faber, gathered and professed vows of poverty, chastity, and later obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment.

The Council of Trent addressed church reform and rejected Protestantism, defined the role and canon of scripture and the seven sacraments, and strengthened clerical discipline in education.

Explanation: The Council of Trent clarified the importance of the sacraments. It also encouraged spreading Catholic teachings and stated that people needed strong Catholic beliefs to be saved.

Answer: Roman Catholics: Believed that meditation, prayer, and contemplation exercises strengthened one’s relationship with God . Vowed absolute obedience to the pope.

Luther became increasingly angry about the clergy selling ‘indulgences’ – promised remission from punishments for sin, either for someone still living or for one who had died and was believed to be in purgatory. On 31 October 1517, he published his ’95 Theses’, attacking papal abuses and the sale of indulgences.

The reason why some people wanted to reform the Catholic Church in the 1400s was that they believed that the church had moved away from its core teachings and become corrupt.

The Roman Catholic Church in 1500 had lost much of its integrity. The involvement with the Italian War had dragged the papacy into disrepute; popes were more interested in politics than piety; and the sale of Indulgences was clearly only for the Church’s financial gain.

Protestant theologians. The Protestant Reformers curbed and limited the veneration of Mary. Martin Luther said of Mary: I would allow a high regard for Mary and her praise, just so long as you do not get carried away and consider making a law out of it so that she must be honoured as a condition for your salvation.