Sir Richard Arkwright, (born Dec. 23, 1732, Preston, Lancashire, Eng. —died Aug. 3, 1792, Cromford, Derbyshire), textile industrialist and inventor whose use of power-driven machinery and employment of a factory system of production were perhaps more important than his inventions.

James Hargreaves

The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 or 1765 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England.

He was the first to develop factories housing both mechanised carding and spinning operations. Arkwright’s achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labour and the new raw material of cotton to create mass-produced yarn.

Richard Arkwright | 10 Facts On The Industrial Revolutionist

• #1 He didn’t receive a proper education.
• #2 Arkwright initially worked as a barber and wig-maker.
• #3 His second wife hated his machines and destroyed his models.
• #4 Arkwright contributed in the invention of the first automatic textile machine.
• #5 Arkwright patented the water frame in 1769.

He developed mills in which the whole process of yarn manufacture was carried on by one machine and this was further complemented by a system in which labour was divided, greatly improving efficiency and increasing profits.

Arkwright believes he can make his fortune from the right invention. A machine for carding cotton, forming strands of cotton ready for spinning, and a labour saving spinning jenny has already been invented by the time Arkwright enters the race.

a. In the mid 19th century, cotton and metal were considered as the most dynamic industry.

The two most dynamic industries in Britain are cotton and metal industries.

First: The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s.

Answer: In England, the most dynamic industries during its earliest phase of industrialisation​ were cotton and metals. Explanation: Cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s, followed by iron and steel industry.

Answer: After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways, in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its cotton export.

Answer. In the mid 19th century, cotton and metal were considered as the most dynamic industry . Cotton was the main industry and accounted most of Britain’s exports.

. As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. . They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that • Manchester goods could sell in Britain, without facing any competition from outside.

The export of fine Indian textile to England had declined in the 19th century due to the spread of the Industrial Revolution in the latter. This has led to an increase in the production of machine-made textile by the British industries. They, in turn, forced their government to restrict trade with other countries.

(i) Britain imposed import duties on cotton textiles, thus export market got declined. (ii) Exports of British goods to India increased. The Manchester goods flooded Indian markets. (iii) The machine-made goods were cheaper and weavers could not compete with them.

With industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to expand and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports into Britain and protect local industries. Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain, consequently the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.