The helots were in a sense state slaves, bound to the soil and assigned to individual Spartans to till their holdings; their masters could neither free them nor sell them, and the helots had a limited right to accumulate property, after paying to their masters a fixed proportion of the produce of the holding.

The Spartans had no historical records, literature, or written laws, which were, according to tradition, expressly prohibited by an ordinance of Lycurgus, excluding the Great Rhetra. Issuance of coinage was forbidden.

Sparta’s supremacy was broken following the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC. It was never able to regain its military supremacy and was finally absorbed by the Achaean League in the 2nd century BC.

The two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta, went to war with each other from 431 to 405 B.C. The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, favoring Sparta, and also ushered in a period of regional decline that signaled the end of what is considered the Golden Age …

The Laconian War of 195 BC was fought between the Greek city-state of Sparta and a coalition composed of Rome, the Achaean League, Pergamum, Rhodes, and Macedon….War against Nabis.

For each of the three most important factors, record your reasons. Conflict and competition between city-states broke down a sense of community in Greece. The Germanic tribes of Northern Europe (e.g., Visigoths and Ostrogoths) became strong military forces and attacked the Empire, conquering Rome in 456.

9th century

476 AD

The Romans first invaded Britain in 55 BC but did not launch a real and lasting invasion until AD 43. Some 30 years later they reached Scotland, when Julius Agricola launched his campaign in the north in the AD 70’s. By both land and sea, it took only seven years for him to take control of much of Scotland.

The Mongol Empire

the Mongol Empire