The proton and neutron are held together by the strong nuclear force. Protons and neutrons are not fundamental as they consist of sets of point-like particles called quarks held together by the exchange of messenger particles called gluons. Current understanding suggests that quarks and gluons have no sub-structure.

All electrons have the exact same characteristics (mass, charge, etc.), so we call an electron fundamental because they are all non-unique. The search for the origin of matter means the understanding of elementary particles. The two most fundamental types of particles are quarks and leptons.

Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks – up quarks and down quarks – now considered elementary particles. Yet a free electron – one which is not orbiting an atomic nucleus and hence lacks orbital motion – appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.

Electrons move freely within the structure of an atom but protons are bound in the nucleus and therefore immobile. Conductivity will therefore occur when electrons move from one atom to another and not protons due to their immobility.

Objects can become negatively or positively charged when friction (rubbing) results in the transfer of electrons between objects. Protons and neutrons cannot be transferred, only electrons can be transferred by friction.

It is temporary because electrons do not transfer to or from the object charged. In the model of charging by conduction, protons were left off.

The triboelectic charging process (a.k.a., charging by friction) results in a transfer of electrons between the two objects that are rubbed together. As a result, the atoms of rubber pull electrons from the atoms of animal fur, leaving both objects with an imbalance of charge.

Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. Heavier objects also have more friction because they press together with greater force. Friction produces heat because it causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster and have more energy.

Friction is sometimes unhelpful. For example, if you don’t lubricate your bike regularly with oil, the friction in the chain and axles increases. Your bike will be noisy and difficult to pedal. When there is a lot of friction between moving parts, energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.

Rolling friction is the weakest kind of friction. It is the force that resists the motion of an object rolling across a surface.

Glass has comparatively a better polished and regular smooth surface. So it has least friction.

sandy floor

There are two main types of friction, static friction and kinetic friction. Static friction operates between two surfaces that aren’t moving relative to each other, while kinetic friction acts between objects in motion.

static friction

No friction is not same for all surfaces . A polished surface have less frictional force and a rough surface have large frictional force .

Methods for decreasing friction:

• Make the surfaces smoother. Rough surfaces produce more friction and smooth surfaces reduce friction.
• Lubrication is another way to make a surface smoother.
• Make the object more streamlined.
• Reduce the forces acting on the surfaces.
• Reduce the contact between the surfaces.

Water can either increase or decrease the friction between two surfaces. Water reduces the friction between rubber tires and road pavements. Water can also increase the friction between two sheets of glass.

The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors; the type of surfaces involves and how hard the surfaces push together, What is one way you could reduce the friction between two surfaces? Ball bearing are one way of reducing friction between two surfaces.

Friction is a resistive force, which comes into play when there is a relative motion between two bodies in contact. The frictional force between two bodies depends mainly on three factors: (I) the adhesion between body surfaces (ii) roughness of the surface (iii) deformation of bodies.

Weight affects friction in that friction is directly proportional to the weight of the load one is moving. If one doubles the load being moved, friction increases by a factor of two. Friction is the force that opposes motion of one object over another.

There are two methods of increasing friction: one is by making the surfaces rough and the other by increasing the mass of the object that is moving. For example, the tyres of vehicles have treads (these are the ‘designs’ that you can see on the tyre surface), which increase the friction between the tyre and the road.

Two main things can increase friction, the mass of the object and the coefficient of friction of the surface.

Current theories suggest that when rubber moves over smooth surfaces, it’s the molecular forces between the two that are the main cause of friction. But when the surface is rough, it’s the deformation of entire molecular layers of rubber that’s the chief cause of friction.

As the concentration of the sand particles in the lubricated sliding contact increases, the friction and wear rates increased.