Evolutionary theory views change as a process that moves towards simplicity. Conflict theorists view social change as inevitable. According to the conflict theory of social change, social change is the result of conflicts between groups with the same interests.

Views change as a process that moves in one direction toward increasing complexity is the evolutionary theory.

Among the general theoretical explanations offered for understanding social change are geographical, biological, economic and cultural. All these we have discussed in the previous section.

Cards

Term Culture Lag	Definition A period of maladjustment when the non material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
Term Evolutionary Theory	Definition A theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction.

The term “vested interests” refers to those people or groups who will profit in the event of social change. NOT: generalization. Social theorists sought an analogy to Darwin’s biological model and originated evolutionary theory, which views society as moving in a definite direction.

differentiation

• The decline of small, traditional communities.
• The expansion of personal choice.
• Increasing social diversity.
• Future orientation and growing awareness of time.

C. Wright Mills is known as the founder of modern conflict theory. In his work, he believes social structures are created because of conflict between differing interests. Sociologists who work from the conflict perspective study the distribution of resources, power, and inequality.

In the context of the relative deprivation approach, identify an element that must be present before discontent will be channeled into a social movement. People must feel that they deserve better than what they have.

What are the basic features of social movement?

• social movements have been powerful means for ordinary people to participate directly in creating positive social change.
• they are deeply grounded in our founding values of justice, democracy, civil rights etc.
• it addresses an injustice that violates central human and cultural values.
• it should secure the public support.

A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry out, resist or undo a social change. It is a type of group action and may involve individuals, organizations or both.

Answer: Explanation: Russian Revolution is an example of social movement as a social movement is defined as the process of resistance to undo a social change by large informal gatherings of people.

Key Takeaways. The major types of social movements are reform movements, revolutionary movements, reactionary movements, self-help movements, and religious movements.

While there are many differences between social movements, they are typically distinguished by the people whose behavior they seek to change and the extent of societal change they hope to achieve, resulting in four types of social movements (alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary) (p. 707).

Sources of Social Change There are many factors that stimulate change. This section addresses six factors: values and beliefs, technology, population, diffusion, the physical environment, and wars and conquests.

Some of the most important factors of social change are as under:

• Physical Environment: Certain geographic changes sometimes produce great social change.
• Demographic (biological) Factor:
• Cultural Factor:
• Ideational Factor:
• Economic Factor:
• Political Factor:

There are numerous and varied causes of social change. Four common causes, as recognized by social scientists, are technology, social institutions, population, and the environment. All four of these areas can impact when and how society changes.

Cultural factors also play a central role in resistance to social change. When technology enters a society, non‐material culture must respond to changes in material culture. Culture lag refers to the time during which previous aspects of a society still need to “catch up” to cultural advances.

“Social change involves alteration in the structure or functioning of social forms or processes themselves.” Thus social change will mean variations of any aspect of social processes, social patterns, social interactions or social organisation. It is a change in the institutional and normative structure of society.

Social barriers: lack of community support, social norms and group conformity. Cultural barriers: tradition, culture, customs, religion. Economic barriers: lack of property rights, corruption, fiscal infrastructure. Political barriers: ideology, values.

As outlined in the literature review, there are many organizational factors that influence business change projects, for example, the organization’s structure, size, project capabilities, customers, leadership, competition, culture, teamwork, and change readiness.

What Are the Best Change Management Strategies?

1. Plan Carefully.
2. Be as Transparent as Possible.
3. Tell the Truth.
4. Communicate.
5. Create a Roadmap.
6. Provide Training.
7. Invite Participation.
8. Don’t Expect to Implement Change Overnight.

Some of these factors include management functions, structural transformations, competition, socio-economic factors, laws and technology.

• Changes in Executive Management.
• Transformations in Organizational Structure.
• Competition from Other Businesses.
• Social and Cultural Factors.
• Laws and Regulations.

Essential Factors to Make Control Effective: 4 Factors

• Planning: Planning is the first prerequisite for making control effective.
• Action: Timely action on the part of the manager is essential for exercising control.
• Delegation of Authority: Delegation of authority is essential for exercising control.
• Prompt Flow of Information:

The three main internal factors are:

• human resources.
• finance.
• current technology.

Strategy implementation is the most difficult stage in the strategic-management process because it requires personal discipline, commitment and sacrifice. Successful strategy implementation hinges upon managers’ ability to motivate employees, which is more of an art than a science.

Answer: The implementation stage is often the most difficult stage of strategic management simply because the implementation process is often poorly defined. A poorly defined implementation process causes confusion and uncertainty and makes it difficult, and often impossible, to successfully implement the strategy.

We tend to spend much more time on making strategic choices without the necessary time to assess resource and business process choices. Compounding this, there is often a tendency to carry out too many activities at the most economical price.

The three key activities in the strategic management process are strategy analysis (analyses), strategy formulation (decisions), and strategy implementation (actions).

7 Steps Effective Strategic Planning Process

• Step 1 – Review or develop Vision & Mission.
• Step 2 – Business and operation analysis (SWOT Analysis etc)
• Step 3 – Develop and Select Strategic Options.
• Step 4 – Establish Strategic Objectives.
• Step 5 – Strategy Execution Plan.
• Step 6 – Establish Resource Allocation.
• Step 7 – Execution Review.