The charge of an aluminum ion is typically 3+. This is because the element’s atomic number is 13, reflecting the fact that it has 13 electrons and 13 protons. The valence shell of aluminum has three electrons, and per the octet rule, these three electrons are lost resulting in just 10 electrons and 13 protons.

aluminum cation

The Hg oxidation level was 91.1 ± 2.2% at 37.8 °C.

+2

covalent bond

High-yield bonds (also called junk bonds) are bonds that pay higher interest rates because they have lower credit ratings than investment-grade bonds. High-yield bonds are more likely to default, so they must pay a higher yield than investment-grade bonds to compensate investors.

Metallic bonding is the main type of chemical bond that forms between metal atoms. Metallic bonds are seen in pure metals and alloys and some metalloids. For example, the mercurous ion (Hg22+) can form metal-metal covalent bonds.

Mercury undergoes weak covalent bonding with its partner X in most cases (exceptions: X=alkali atoms, which lead to van der Waals bonding) although the BDEs are mostly smaller than 12 kcal molА1. Bonding is weakened by 1) a singly occupied desta- bilized s*-HOMO and 2) lone pair repulsion.

If that’s the case, why does Br2 (2x Br) form a molecular solid when the two are bonded by covalent bonds? 2 carbon atoms are covalently bonded yet they make a covalent network solid.

Regarding the polarity of Br2, you must read out an article on the polarity of Br2. Due to the presence of atoms of the same element, the molecular geometry of Dibromine is Linear and the compound has a symmetrical shape.

Having the same electronegativity of both atoms, both share an equal proportion of charge. The atoms forming a covalent bond having equal electronegativity are nonpolar in nature. Therefore, the Br2 molecule is a nonpolar molecule.

molecular solids

Potassium bromide is a metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.

molecular solid

metallic solid

tetraphosphorus Phosphorus