The binary number system is an alternative to the decimal (10-base) number system that we use every day. Binary numbers are important because using them instead of the decimal system simplifies the design of computers and related technologies. But if the second digit is 1, then it represents the number 2.

Binary arithmetic operation starts from the least significant bit i.e. from the rightmost side….Here are the four steps to be followed, using the same binary numbers 10001001 and 10010101:

1. 0×0=0.
2. 1×0=0.
3. 0×1=0.
4. 1×1=1 (there is no carry or borrow for this)

In binary number system there are only 2 digits 0 and 1, and any number can be represented by these two digits. The arithmetic of binary numbers means the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Binary arithmetic operation starts from the least significant bit i.e. from the right most side.

There are six binary arithmetic operators: addition, subtraction, multiplication, exponentiation (**), division, and modulus (%). By changing the value on the right side of the modulus operator, you can affect how many items are processed before the message is printed. …

that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc.

The process is as follows:

1. Step 1: Create the working portion of the dividend.
2. Step 2: Work out how many times the divisor goes into the working portion (with binary this is easy as it will always be 1).
3. Step 3: Subtract the divisor from the working number.

There are four rules of binary subtraction which are:

• 0 – 0 = 0.
• 0 – 1 = 1 ( with a borrow of 1)
• 1 – 0 = 1.
• 1 – 1 = 0.

The Four Bases The nucleobases in a DNA strand have preferred partners to form hydrogen bonds with. Cytosine pairs with guanine, and adenine pairs with thymine. These are the base pairing rules that allow DNA replication and protein synthesis to happen.

Bases for Formal Identification

• appearance – or how the person looks;
• social behaviour – or how the person interacts with others;
• names – or what the person is called by other people;
• codes – or what the person is called by an organisation;
• knowledge – or what the person knows;
• tokens – or what the person has;

Adenine and guanine have a fused-ring skeletal structure derived of purine, hence they are called purine bases. The A–T and C–G pairings are based on double or triple hydrogen bonds between the amine and carbonyl groups on the complementary bases.

In DNA, the code letters are A, T, G, and C, which stand for the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively. In base pairing, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine.