Mineral matter plays a variety of important roles in all coal utilization processes. These roles have traditionally been dealt with in terms of ASTM or other engineering specifications, thereby hiding their physical and chemical origins.

When parent rock material is exposed to the atmosphere or when organic matter and/or minerals are deposited on the earth’s surface, soil formation begins. The type of parent material and how the soil is formed will greatly influence the properties of the soil. Darker minerals tend to yield more fertile soils.

In most soils, feldspars, micas, and quartz are the main primary mineral constituents, and pyroxenes and hornblendes are present in smaller amounts.

Soil organic matter serves as a reservoir of nutrients for crops, provides soil aggregation, increases nutrient exchange, retains moisture, reduces compaction, reduces surface crusting, and increases water infiltration into soil.

In the decomposition process, different products are released: carbon dioxide (CO2), energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. Successive decomposition of dead material and modified organic matter results in the formation of a more complex organic matter called humus (Juma, 1998).

Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients. Humus has many nutrients that improve the health of soil, nitrogen being the most important. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) of humus is 10:1.

Nothing slows down the creation of compost than a dry pile. Water the layers of ingredients as you construct the pile and keep it moist (but not too) between turnings. Aerate. Providing shredded sticks and other debris that creates air spaces in your pile will speed the process along.

In the respiration process they give off heat (temperatures of up to 150 degree Fahrenheit or 66 degrees Celsius) and carbon dioxide. If you regularly water and turn the compost in your compost bin or pile, the compost can completely decompose in just two to three weeks. Otherwise it can take months to decompose.

When organic waste is dumped in landfill, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition (because of the lack of oxygen) and generates methane. When released into the atmosphere, methane is 25 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Methane is, however, also a valuable resource.

By composting, you can convert organic wastes — yard trim- mings, leaves and many kinds of kitchen scraps — into a dark, crumbly mixture that can be used to improve the soil and reduce your use of fertilizer and water. Make a compost bin — or buy one. 1. 2.

Examples of organic waste include green waste, food waste, food-soiled paper, non-hazardous wood waste, green waste, and landscape and pruning waste. When organic waste is dumped in landfills, it undergoes anaerobic decomposition (due to the lack of oxygen) and produces methane.

Tips On Reducing Organic Waste At Home

1. Shop smart. Plan meals, use grocery lists, and avoid impulse buys.
2. Buy exactly what you need. For example, if a recipe calls for two carrots, don’t buy a whole bag.
3. Be realistic.
4. Buy funny-looking produce.
5. Have a Plan B.

Organic waste in landfills generates, methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By composting wasted food and other organics, methane emissions are significantly reduced. Compost reduces and in some cases eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers. Compost promotes higher yields of agricultural crops.

Indirect health effects due to the contribution of greenhouse gases from waste disposal activities could be significant. Rising temperatures (and low level ozone levels) due to climate change would affect old people with cardiovascular problems and both old and young people with respiratory problems such as asthma.

Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during landfill operations. Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste.

Solid waste pollution is caused mainly through urbanization and through industrial waste. It causes various diseases in human as bacillary dysentery, diarrhea and amoebic dysentery, plague, salmonellosis, trichinosis, endemic typhus, cholera, jaundice, hepatitis, gastro enteric diseases etc.

Short-term exposures (typically up to about two weeks) to elevated levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in air can cause coughing, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headache, nausea, and breathing difficulties. These effects usually go away once the exposure is stopped.

Overpopulation, urbanization and the growing technology are among the few reasons for solid waste pollution. The rising population have lead to the production of more waste, with every passing year people have several kinds of stuff to use and discard. Technology has a very vast impact on the growing population.

5 Kinds of Environmental Pollution Caused by Waste

• The burning of fossil fuels like oil, gas or coal.
• The exhaust fumes from your vehicles.
• The mismanagement of landfill waste caused by garbage pollution.
• The harmful fragrance or off-gasing from plastic production, paints and so on.
• Nuclear accidents or radiation spills.

Eight Ways to Reduce Waste

1. Use a reusable bottle/cup for beverages on-the-go.
2. Use reusable grocery bags, and not just for groceries.
3. Purchase wisely and recycle.
4. Compost it!
5. Avoid single-use food and drink containers and utensils.
6. Buy secondhand items and donate used goods.

Causes for Garbage Dumping

• Excessive amounts of waste.
• Excessive consumption behavior.
• Population growth.
• Food waste.
• Electronic waste.
• Plastic waste.
• Cultural values.
• Laziness.

Garbage includes all kinds of food wastes, domestic wastes and operational wastes, all plastics, cargo residues, incinerator ashes, cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal carcasses generated during the normal operation of the ship.

Most of this rubbish ends up in dumpsites or in landfills. When organic waste decomposes, carbon dioxide and methane gas is created. Both carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming and climate change.