Non-religious people can be called atheists or agnostics, but to describe things, activities, or attitudes that have nothing to do with religion, you can use the word secular. If there’s no religion involved, then you’re in “the secular world” — as people sometimes call everything that exists outside of religion.

The answer is no. It is not possible for any culture or any individual human to have “no religion.” A religion is not necessarily a belief in one or more deities.

Abstract. Although all known societies have religious beliefs and practices, religions vary greatly from society to society. This module summarizes what cross-cultural research tells us about predictors and possible explanations of religious variation.

If one were to ask whether early human societies could have existed without religion, the answer would be a resounding no. Although religion was an essential institution in early societies, a greater universal understanding, and acceptance of new ideas has devalued its importance in modern times.

What’s the difference between religion and spirituality? Religion is a specific set of organised beliefs and practices, usually shared by a community or group. Spirituality is more of an individual practice and has to do with having a sense of peace and purpose.

It is simply impossible for people to be moral without religion or God. Faith can be very very dangerous, and deliberately to implant it into the vulnerable mind of an innocent child is a grievous wrong. The question of whether or not morality requires religion is both topical and ancient.

Secular humanism focuses on the way human beings can lead happy and functional lives. It posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or God, it neither assumes humans to be inherently evil or innately good, nor presents humans as “above nature” or superior to it.

God approves of right actions because they are right and disapproves of wrong actions because they are wrong (moral theological objectivism, or objectivism). So, morality is independent of God’s will; however, since God is omniscient He knows the moral laws, and because He’s moral, He follows them.

(1) God creates moral standards from scratch without any source of guidance. (2) Moral standards exist independently of God, and God merely endorses them. To clarify, the first option is that God is the sole author of morality, and something becomes good when God simply wills and pronounces that it is good.

Theories of Morality

• (2) Cultural Relativism.
• (3) Ethical Egoism.
• (4) Divine Command Theory.
• (5) Virtue Ethics.
• (6) Feminist Ethics.
• (7) Utilitarianism.
• (8) Kantian Theory.
• (9) Rights-based Theories.

There are two different types of theories:

• deontological theory, which focuses on the actions themselves being right or wrong.
• teleological theory, which focuses on the consequences or outcomes of the actions being classed as right or wrong.

In discussing the application of morality, four aspects may be considered: religious moral- ity, morality and nature, individual morality, and social morality. RELIGIOUS MORALITY. Religious morality refers to a human being in relationship to a supernatural being or beings.

MORALLY GOOD AND MORALLY RIGHT. Let us understand at the outset that by “morally good” we mean the state of possessing what is generally regarded as good character, rooted in virtue, in the broad sense of this term that embraces a variety of particular virtues such as courage, justice, temperance and the like.

According to this understanding, “ethics” leans towards decisions based upon individual character, and the more subjective understanding of right and wrong by individuals – whereas “morals” emphasises the widely-shared communal or societal norms about right and wrong.

Our values inform our thoughts, words, and actions. Our values are important because they help us to grow and develop. They help us to create the future we want to experience. The decisions we make are a reflection of our values and beliefs, and they are always directed towards a specific purpose.