The polymerisation is defined as the chemical process in which the monomers are joined together to form polymers. There are two types of polymerisation: (a) Addition polymerisation: When the monomers are added together with the help of a catalyst it is known as addition polymerisation.

A polymer is a large single chain-like molecule in which the repeating units derived from small molecules called monomers are bound together. The process by which monomers are transformed into a polymer is called polymerisation. For example ethylene polymerizes to form polyethylene.

There are two general types of polymerization reactions: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, the monomers add to one another in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the starting monomers. Ethylene molecules are joined together in long chains./span>

A process of making the monomer molecules react together in a chemical reaction and produce three-dimensional networks or polymer chains is called polymerization.

Hermann Staudinger

John Wesley Hyatt

Product made from polymers are all around us: clothing made from synthetic fibers, polyethylene cups, fiberglass, nylon bearings, plastic bags, polymer-based paints, epoxy glue, polyurethane foam cushion, silicone heart valves, and Teflon-coated cookware./span>

The terms polymer and plastic are not the same. Plastic is a specific type of polymer comprised of a long chain of polymers. Polymers, on the other hand, are made up of uniform molecules that are smaller than plastic molecules./span>

Either way, both natural and synthetic polymers play a huge role in everyday life, and a life without polymers might actually not exist. Cells build our bodies, and cells are built of polymers. Plants are built of cellulose, which is a polymer. If polymers would suddenly disappear, life would disappear with it.

Organic polymeric flocculants have been used in water purification processes for several decades as coagulant aids or floc builders, after the addition of inorganic coagulants like alum, iron salts or lime.

To induce coagulation, a coagulant (typically a metallic salt) with the opposite charge is added to the water to overcome the repulsive charge and “destabilize” the suspension. For example, the colloidal particles are negatively charged and alum is added as a coagulant to create positively charged ions.

Flocculation is synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation / coalescence. Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized charged particle. Meanwhile, flocculation is a mixing technique that promotes agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles.

Polymers (long-chained, high-molecular-weight, organic chemicals) are becoming more widely used. These can be used as coagulant aids along with the regular inorganic coagulants. Anionic (negatively charged) polymers are often used with metal coagulants.

Aluminum sulfate (alum) is the most common coagulant used for water purification. Other chemicals, such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate, may also be used. Coagulation is usually accomplished in two stages: rapid mixing and slow mixing.

Aluminum sulfate or alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferric sulfate (Fe(SO4)3) are the most widely used flocculants [1, 70]. These flocculants have a long history of use in removing colloidal particles from water and wastewater [15, 17].

Coagulants are a substance which cause particles in a liquid to curdle and clot together. Coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering./span>

Coagulation treatment neutralizes the negative electrical charge on particles, which destabilizes the forces keeping colloids apart. Water treatment coagulants are comprised of positively charged molecules that, when added to the water and mixed, accomplish this charge neutralization.

Coagulation or destabilization of a colloidal suspension results in joining of minute particles by physical and chemical processes. Flocculation results in formation of a larger settleable structure by bridging. These processes have been commonly used to remove suspended matter or color.

Coagulation modifiers are drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway in different places to prevent or promote blood clot formation. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are used to prevent blood clot formation.

There are many anticoagulants, including:

• heparin.
• warfarin (Coumadin)
• rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
• dabigatran (Pradaxa)
• apixaban (Eliquis)
• edoxaban (Savaysa)
• enoxaparin (Lovenox)
• fondaparinux (Arixtra)

Anticoagulant drugs are used to reduce the ability of the blood to clot. Examples of anticoagulants include aspirin, heparin and warfarin./span>