Chemical stimuli can be detected by a chemoreceptors that detect chemical stimuli, such as a chemicals that lead to the sense of smell. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids.

There are three main groups of receptors in our skin: mechanoreceptors, responding to mechanical stimuli, such as stroking, stretching, or vibration of the skin; thermoreceptors, responding to cold or hot temperatures; and chemoreceptors, responding to certain types of chemicals either applied externally or released …

The sensory receptors in the skin are:

• cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Ruffini’s end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner’s corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations)
• thermoreceptor.
• nociceptors.
• chemoreceptors.

The spawning of mussels in a mussel bed is regulated by a chemical stimulus so that all of the mussels liberate their eggs and sperms into the water at the same time. Some chemicals are used as alarm stimuli. Ants and bees become alarmed and excited in the presence of formic acid.

Nuclear receptors are a family of ligand-regulated transcription factors that are activated by steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, and various other lipid-soluble signals, including retinoic acid, oxysterols, and thyroid hormone (Mangelsdorf et al. 1995).

The DNA-binding domains of nuclear receptors consist of two zinc-nucleated modules and a C-terminal extension. Residues in the first module determine the specificity of the DNA recognition, while residues in the second module are involved in dimerization.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are members of the superfamily class of nuclear receptors located in either the cell cytoplasm or nucleus and which function as transcription factors (Lovejoy, 2005).

Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that control the development and maintenance of an individual’s feminine characteristics. Natural estrogens exist in men as well as women, and are found in higher amounts in women, especially in those of reproductive age.

High levels of estrogen may put you at higher risk of blood clots and stroke. Estrogen dominance may also increase your chances of thyroid dysfunction. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue and weight changes.

Estrogen therapy can relieve the symptoms of menpause like hot flashes, bone loss and painful intercourse. Estrogen therapy, also known as hormone replacement therapy, is a treatment for alleviating the symptoms caused by menopausal transition (when a woman’s ovaries reduce or stop producing estrogen and progesterone).

The hormone estrogen is responsible for making skin look younger due to the hyaluronic acid it produces. Estrogen not only affects your skin but also your muscle mass, metabolism, and energy levels. Women have more estrogen than men do; men have more testosterone than women do.

A large number of published scientific studies confirm that estrogen exerts potent anti-aging effects on the skin. Topical estrogen application has been shown to be safe and effective in preventing skin aging.

Estrogen receptors are higher in the face than in the breast or thigh. Are these skin changes reversible with estrogen supplementation? In one study, Premarin® cream, applied to the face for 24 months, produced significant increases in skin thickness and decreases in wrinkles.

If you are using estradiol gel, you should apply it in a thin layer to one arm, from the wrist to the shoulder. If you are using estradiol emulsion, you should apply it to both thighs and calves (lower legs). Do not apply estradiol gel or emulsion to your breasts.

Pros. Because estrogen creams are absorbed through the skin and go directly into the bloodstream, they’re safer than oral estrogen for people who have liver and cholesterol problems.

Common side effects of Estrace Vaginal Cream include nausea, vomiting, bloating, stomach pain, breast tenderness, headache, weight changes vaginal itching or discharge, mood changes, breast lumps, spotting or breakthrough bleeding, dark areas of the skin on the face (melasma), or problems wearing contact lenses.

Usually your doctor will want you to use this medicine for only three weeks of each month (three weeks on and one week off). Your doctor may increase your dose as needed.

Vaginal atrophy can be treated with topical estrogen including Estrace Vaginal Cream and it can take 3 to 4 weeks to reach its maximum effect.